Political Policies Between The United States and The Soviet Union During the 1970s :: American America History

Political Policies Between The United States and The Soviet Union During the 1970s One can not successfully decipher world political arrangements of the 1970's without the consideration of the relationship known as dã ©tente, and the breakdown there of. The breakdown of the 1970's dã ©tente can be ascribed to various issues and occasions. In inquiring about these occasions the shifting assessments from both world superpowers which would set up the disappointment of dã ©tente ever, as a breakdown in correspondence and talks between the United State's White House and the Soviet Union's Kremlin with the breakdown of dã ©tente denoting the finish of the 1970's. During the 1976 presidential battle, the strain between the goal of change and the significance of conjunction got pivotal. Traditionalists censured dã ©tente for not directing the Soviets association in the Third World change to socialism. In the United States, many saw collective arrangement of Soviet mediations which included military methods; Angola, Ethiopia, Kampuchea, Afghanistan, as an example of Soviet extension, which was not predictable with dã ©tente. Numerous really accepted that these expansionist moves were supported by dã ©tente. At last, the desires that dã ©tente would accomplish more were held by the two forces. It was the inability to fulfill these desires which prompted its end. Kissinger proposed that dã ©tente, with every one of its shortcomings, ought to be judged not against some perfect however against what might have occurred in its nonattendance. Dã ©tente didn't cause the Soviet arms develop, nor might it be able to have halted it. In any case, it m ight have backed it off or made it increasingly considerate (Garthoff 1994:1123). Maybe dã ©tente could be seen, not as a strategy for forestalling or dissuading pressure which may prompt war, yet as a method of deferring their impact until the United States could all the more successfully manage them. By 1976, dã ©tente was a dubious term with both left and right hands of the contradiction censuring its turn of events. With the Administration of Jimmy Carter, a battle for reestablishing trust in government organizations and improving American international strategy was actualized (Froman 1991:74). President Carter named Zbigniew Brzezinski as National Security Adviser and Cyrus Vance as Secretary of State. The progressing contrasts among Brzezinski and Vance brought about disturbance for the Carter organization just as demolished Carter's endeavors to build up a lot of limits for the standards of dã ©tente. Dã ©tente started to fall nearly when it had started. Watergate subverted President Richard M.

Heatcliffe Vs Hamlet Essay Research Paper Most free essay sample

Heatcliffe Vs. Hamlet Essay, Research Paper Most beliefs known to mankind accept that there is some more powerful that exists in this universe and in the great beyond to make justness where it should be finished. If individual somehow happened to execute an offense in this life, the higher force would cover the individual thusly in their life-time. In the event that non, justness would take topographic point in their in the future. The show Hamlet by Shakespeare and the crisp Wuthering Highs by Emily Bronte, were composed when profound qualities and moralss were comprehensively rehearsed. Both Hamlet and Wuthering Heights show the extraordinary signifier of justness taking topographic point discussed in the profound examples. Anecdotal characters that are blameworthy of indecent activities are rebuffed thus in their life and past the grave. Cases in the two books, similar to Claudius and Polonius # 8217 ; detestable purposes in Hamlet, and Edgar and Catherine # 8217 ; s dismissal of Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights show that ju stness takes topographic point in this life-time. We will compose a custom paper test on Heatcliffe Vs Hamlet Essay Research Paper Most or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Different cases like King Hamlet # 8217 ; s conceal visual perspective in Hamlet, and Heathcliff and Catherine # 8217 ; s energetic love for one another in Wuthering Highs shows that a higher signifier of justness despite everything wins, even past the grave. In spite of the fact that the two books depict higher signifier of justness taking topographic point, Hamlet is a superior portrayal of it so Wuthering Highs. Proof is given in the two books about justness taking topographic point in this life-time without the utilization of a specific councils or governments, however it is better spoken to in Hamlet. Claudius and Polonius are appeared as the two people against Hamlet with their underhanded purposes. Polonius who gets in Hamlet # 8217 ; s way and reproves him from achieving justness for his male parent bites the dust on mishap. Anyway Polonius # 8217 ; # 8220 ; unintentional # 8221 ; perish comes around cut after he has a few malice purposes to tune in the middle of Hamlet # 8217 ; s and Ophelia # 8217 ; s discussion and continously returns put programs in topographic point to decelerate Hamlet from achieving his point. While in Wuthering Heights Catherine and Edgar remain against Heathcliff at a few minutes. Edgar affronts Heathcliff at the Christmas supper, to which Heathcliff instinctly tosses a command post of hot supplement at his face. Anyway Heathcliff is rebuffed for this occurrenc e by the more seasoned Earnshaw. Despite the fact that Heathcliff is non appeared as chapel voyaging, he acquires grit from a higher start and withdraws his counter on both male childs in this manner in his life. So also with Catherine who giggled at Heathcliff for being filthy and dismissed him for marriage revealed to Nelly that he wasn # 8217 ; t great bounty. This powers, Heathcliff to run off, however when he returns, Heathcliff was progressively attractive. Some could express that his # 8220 ; karma changed # 8221 ; and that a higher force helped him achieve his finish of taking reprisal on Catherine and the two male childs. Anyway in Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff # 8217 ; s reprisal is non each piece a lot of justness as it is retribution. Claudius is the detestable uncle, in Hamlet who is currently King of Denmark in the wake of expecting King Hamlet # 8217 ; s seat, by killing his sibling. Anyway Claudius is non compromised by statute, or the councils, since he is currently King or more all autho rities however God. So it appears that no 1 else is at that spot to make justness to the dead King Hamlet yet the Almighty himself. So the dramatization depicts King Hamlet’s unrefreshed mind strolling around the royal residence at dull, in the start of the novel. This extraordinary wonder persuades Hamlet that he should take reprisal for his dead male parent, and permit him find happiness in the hereafter. Since Claudius is liable of his activities, as admitted at the fellowship table he gets the standad discipline during the clasp for killing individual, perish. Ruler Hamlet by the by takes more time to introduce the finding of truth for individual convictions, yet fundamentally does as such by the terminal of the dramatization. The two books show that some more powerful exists in their universe that encourages them achieve justness, however Hamlet’s portrayal of such marvel is better shown. Albeit one may non procure the justified justness during this life-time, regardless of whether it be congrats or punishment, the two books propose that legitimate thought is given to every mind after life. In Wuthering Heights Catherine # 8217 ; s conceal is seen by Lockwood a tennant of Heathcliff # 8217 ; s Thrushcross Grange. This shows in the book # 8217 ; s universe, these extraordinary forces exist. Moving toward the terminal of the novel when Heathcliff has kicked the bucket, Nelly is telling the manners in which that she strolled back to Thrushcross Grange. She meets a youthful male kid who # 8217 ; s sobbing and says he can non travel more distant in light of the fact that he simply observed Heathcliff and Catherine # 8217 ; s conceals runnning through the Moors. The peruser # 8217 ; s mind naturally feels that they # 8217 ; re inevitably free and justness has won. Both Catherine and Heathcliff who cherished each other bounty to be seperated and secured in their life-time, y et free and together in their from this point forward. Equity could simply hold been accomplished in this situation if some higher force had impacted it. Correspondingly, King Hamlet # 8217 ; s unrefreshed mind strolling about at dull in full defensive layer shows that otherworldly powers other than exist in the dramatization Hamlet. Ruler Hamlet # 8217 ; s mind is uncomfortable in light of the fact that he is in disgrace in his in the future for a killing crother and an unpatriotic wedded lady. He was slaughtered unrightfully, and thus requests justness done for his benefit. Further fitting proof that a higher force is helping in the justness of the wronful perish of King Hamlet. Both the killing sibling, Claudius and his unpatriotic wedded lady, Gertrude shakers of cut sores and toxicant, severally. In this manner justness wins as appeared here even past the grave. As one may accept, that if no human presences know about the offense, so justness can non take topographic point in this life-time, yet as appeared in King Hamlet # 8217 ; s occasion it can even occur from past the grave, by some higher force. Claudius, Polonius, Edgar and Catherine all get managed properly in their life-times with or without the help of the higher force. In the event that non as in King Hamlet # 8217 ; s case who had no chance to hold justness accomplished it with the a higher force through his kid from past the grave, and demonstrated that no 1 can at long last escape their predetermination. Albeit both book have delineations of justness being accomplished in this life-time and in the great beyond, Hamlet shows it significantly more strongly.

What are French House residents doing this summer

What are French House residents doing this summer To give you a flavor (well, many flavors) for what MIT students do with their summers, I solicited updates from the French House mailing list. Without further ado, let me introduce you to Abby B. 17 (recently declared Course 2: Mechanical Engineering) Hey Abby! Where are you as you reply to this email? I am currently replying to you as I eat a brownie from a mug (an activity I highly suggest) in my apartment in Boston, almost directly beneath the Citgo sign. A brownie in a mug! Ill have to try that sometime. What are you doing this summer? This summer I am participating in a UROP through the MIT Energy Initiative, where I am using MATLAB to help develop a mathematical model of the electric properties of carbon nanotube/cement composites. Since carbon nanotubes change resistivity when pressure is applied to them, our hope is to be able to use that property to keep track of how composites containing carbon nanotubes hold up under strain in real-life structures. It would be really useful to know if a bridge or oil well was under too much pressure before it fractured! Wow, saving bridges from collapsing! That sounds a lot more practical than the research I do. Other than protecting travellers and preserving bridges structural integrity, what are your goals for the summer? I had two major goals going into the beginning of this summer. One was to avoid going broke by spending all my money on comic books. The other was to brush up on my French in order to take a French class in the fall. Ive pretty much given up on the first one at this point (I am a shameless comic book addict collector), but Ive found some really neat podcasts from F. Culture and some other French radio stations that are fun to listen to on the way to work! *    *    * Maggie K. 15 (majoring in Course 3: Materials Science Engineering) Maggie! I havent seen you in forever! (Maggie is currently studying abroad in Oxford.) Where are you right now? Sunnyvale, CA What are you doing this summer? Working at HP researching environmentally friendly materials for ITO replacement in touch screens Environmentally friendly! Sounds good to me. Any non-work-related goals for the summer? to beat the hard level on Guitar Hero 3 Nice. Good luck with that. Before we move on, anything else you want to say or share? so I grew up in California and this political ad came out when I was in high school and it is one of the best videos of all time. It is tangentially related because the women the ad supports was the CEO of HP. *    *    * Lisa H. 17 (recently declared Course 6-3: Computer Science) Hey! Congrats on recently declaring your major, and on no longer being a freshman. Since were related, I know the answer to this, but for the other readers: where are you right now? London! And what are you doing this summer, in a nutshell? Im working as a counsellor at a math summer program (Canada/USA Mathcamp) in Portland, Oregon. Ill also be taking advantage of the nearby Pacific Crest Trail to do some backpacking. Cool! Lisa was a Mathcamp-er as a high school student, so its all coming full circle. Any non-work summer goals? Read a little bit everyday :) Anything else you want to say or share? My sister is really awesome. I promise that I didnt write that in myself.   *    *    * Andrei K. 15 (majoring in Course 8 (Physics) with a Minor in Course 21A (Anthropology)) Hi Andrei! Where in the world are you right now? Brewing a bag of Irish Breakfast to be caffeine-ready for the group meeting in the Batman (sic!) Conference Room of Center for Physics of Living Systems in brand new Technology Square next to MIT in Cambridge. Woah, fancy. I hope you enjoy your tea. In the meantime, what are you doing this summer? I am running simulations of stochastic coupled driven chemical reactions and looking whether some kind of adaptation of memory phenomena emerges. We want to find how simple may a system be so that it would be able to adapt to a periodic external drive and extract energy from it, because a system that can effectively suck energy from surroundings can be called somewhat alive (aka life emergence question). Neat! And when youre not tackling the life emergence question, what are you up to? Figuring out what kind of grad school I want to go to, whether it is going to be Physics or something like Mathematical Sociology. On the side, preparing to play Werner Heisenberg in Copenhagen, a Shakespeare Ensembles production of a play about physics, physicists, WWII, nuclear bombs and uncertainty. On the third side, catching up on reading a stack of books in 4 languages (sorry, German, I forgot you). I wish I could read in four different languages. Anything else you want to say or share? Summer, its warm, its nice, embrace it. This is a great time to explore the area you work/live in from a different side. I live now in an MIT independent living group and work in an MIT department, but do not visit the main campus and generally explore other directions of Cambridge and surroundings, which have surprise! real, non-university people, and they are awesome (see picture, sign as not-Andrei). ^ That is not Andrei. *    *    * Brynna D. 17 (recently declared Course 12: Earth Planetary Sciences) Hey, Montréal travel companion! Where are you? In a lab room working on graphs while I wait for my sample to heat in the oven. Side note: I momentarily forgot whether a derivative was dy/dx or dx/dy. Times are rough. I often forget how to take derivatives. Im sorry to break this to you, but it gets worse with age. What are you doing this summer? Im analyzing meteorite samples to figure out the strength of their recorded magnetic field since these meteorites are believed to be from one of the first planetary bodies in our early solar system, so knowing about the magnetic field as these bodies were forming can tell us about the nature of planetary magnetic fields. YAY, meteorites! And YAY, magnetic fields! My own research is on the Milky Ways magnetic ield. Lets compare notes. :) Anyway, goals for the summer that may or may not have to do with meteorites? Go on many bike rides and read many books. Anything else you want to say or share? Cookie hour in the Green Building is a gem. Om nom nom. *    *    * Rashed R. 15 (majoring in Course 2: Mechanical Engineering) Where are you, Rashed? On the way to get ice cream! (Boston, MA) Ooooooh, ice cream. I have some green tea ice cream in the fridge…youre making me feel tempted to go get some. Before I go do that, tell me what youre doing over the summer! Marine robotics, designing batteries, and teaching high school students Underwater robots?! Cool. Any other goals for the summer? To have one of these made by the end of the summer. Post Tagged #French House #New House

Chocolat Movie Review - 1420 Words

Chelsea Tibbetts CMS 202 10/3/12 Beyond the Pane is Pleasure: A Chocolat Review None are allowed to see what Vianne is concocting behind the windows concealed with newspaper. Away from the public eye, Vianne paints the walls of her shop with Mayan designs and places tribal sculptures on the shelves with care. Young schoolboys peek through the miniscule slivers in between the newspaper; their only means to observe the magic happening within its walls. They watch as the grinding of the cocoa beans begins. With a knowing smile Vianne stirs the cocoa into a chocolaty paste, swirling around and around the luscious, thick brown mixture in her cauldron of temptation and passion. Platters are loaded with delights such as†¦show more content†¦The producers include David Brown, Leslie Holleran and Kit Golden. Executive producers are Bob Weinstein, Harvey Weinstein, Alan C. Blomquist and Meryl Poster, with co-producer Mark Cooper. Lively music by Rachel Portman accompanies this adventurous story. The set was cho sen by design producer, David Gropman, in the medieval French town of Flavigny, as well Dijon, France and in the West Country of England. Nominated for five Academy Awards, the film is rated PG-13 and runs for 122 minutes. Leading actors Juliette Binoche, Johnny Depp, Dame Judi Dench, Alfred Molina, Lena Olin, and Carrie-Anne Moss captivate audiences of all ages with this fable-like tale. Chocolat is categorized as a drama and romance, but is set apart for its sub-genre as a â€Å"food film.† In a critical essay by Helene A. Shugart, she argues that food is an outlet to â€Å"engage and assuage anxieties attendant on contemporary cultural ambiguities and permeabilities.† Particularly for this devoutly religious town of 1960’s France, chocolate serves as a medium for a cultural upheaval. Producer Alan Blomquist noticed how ironic it was that â€Å"filming in Flavigny stiffed up its own small-town controversies, including a group of monks who had fears about the film s theme of seeking pleasure in this world rather than waiting for the promise of a better one.† The tone for change was set before the production process began. ThisShow MoreRelatedMarketing Strategies of Godrej6674 Words   |  27 Pagesleast two years. Products and pricing of Godrej Interio Bedroom concept ââ€" ª Royale Linea Matt ââ€" ª Zurina Squadro ââ€" ª Fiona Linea Glossy ââ€" ª Adriana squadron ââ€" ª EROS Flutter ââ€" ª Megnus Chloey ââ€" ª Peare Morpheus ââ€" ª Dark chocolat Price Starts from Rs 450000 to 1200000 and more [pic] Living room concept ââ€" ª Coffee tables ââ€" ª Sofas ââ€" ª Living Room concepts Price Price starts from Rs 280000 to 800000 and more. [pic] Cupboards ââ€" ª Fanfasia ââ€" ª Kreation ââ€" ªRead MoreWhat Happened to Circuit City6945 Words   |  28 Pagesorganization to release 3,400 higher paid employees and replace them with new employees at minimum wage. This hurt the organization as its customer service decreased dramatically following the layoffs. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to review research conducted on the topic of strategic management and then apply that research to a recent situation that occurred within an organization. This researcher will provide research and insights as to what happened at Circuit City Inc. and discuss

Education Policy Is It, Damned Lies, And Education

Most commonly when asked: â€Å"what is education?† the answer usually falls along the line of: attaining knowledge that will be used in one’s future life and helping prepare one for their future. Much like we found when asked the same question in my class, Elementary Education 110: Education Policy: Lies, Damned Lies, and Education. Each student’s answer was similarly along the line of that or relatable to it. However, with such a common, stable, definition or understanding of what education is, education has still been seen to change continuously over the history of the United States with different reforms. Education has been around since the 1600s of American and is very much present now in the 21st century, but due to the fact that there have been so many different reforms throughout time I will only touch on a few. With limitations, I will focus on the first and second Massachusetts Laws (1642 and 1647), the desegregation with Brown v. Board of Education , Balanced Literacy in District 2 of New York, and No Child Left Behind. The purpose of this essay is to analyze what I have found in my research on how the relationship between school and society, and how it has changed in the United States across the Historical Eras. In this analysis, I relate the changing of reforms to Diane Ravitch’s book, The Death and Life of the Great American School System, along with some other resources used in the Education Policy class. Education can be traced back as far as the time ofShow MoreRelatedDrug War Research Paper1354 Words   |  6 Pagesthis essay would be targeting namely those in the lower-middle to higher class. Because this demographic is attending school, all of these people have at least some college education. As for religious and sexual preferences, any and every type is present within this demographic. Because these are college students, education and furthering themselves is of utmost importance to them. College takes time and dedication, so these people are often hardworking. Students are also used to being surroundedRead MoreDemand and Supply of Housing in Australia2556 Words   |  11 PagesEconomic Policy Problem: Demand and Supply The demand and supply of Housing and the Housing affordability in Australia I. Introduction Like all other economies The Australian economy has been affected by the global financial crisis which is now a global economic crisis due the collapse of Lehman Brothers and other financial institutions in US. The consequences of the global economic crisis has been severe and as a result of this the world is in Recession therefore many economies has pushedRead More Inferno as a Manifestation of the Pain of Dante Alighieri Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesand religious levels, both deeply woven into the work through allegory. Inferno, written in 1314 by Dante Alighieri, was the first canticle of the Divine Comedy. Dante called it a comedy both because of its happy ending and its style, which lies between that of the tragedy and that of the elegy.(Vossler, 665) Although most respected writers of the time wrote in Latin, Dante wrote the Divine Comedy in the vernacular Italian language so that the common man could read it. The fact that thisRead MoreTougher Sentencing for Drug Crimes3553 Words   |  14 Pages(Lynch Sabol, 1997). Because that was the case, it was basically doomed before it ever got off the ground. There were some strides made, and the war did stop some from using drugs because it provided a lot of education to people who used drugs and who were thinking about using drugs. That education helped these people to make better choices, but only if they took the information to heart and decided that they wanted and needed to quit or stay away from drugs. If they made a commitment to themselves to Read MoreThe History and Future of Poverty Essay3716 Words   |  15 Pagescurrent Republican Contract With America is all too continuous with this villainy.) Religion joined the attack on the poor in a big way. Drawing from Augustinian and Calvinist predestinationist themes, it divided humanity into the saved and the damned. Wealth came to be seen as a sign of Gods favor, and then, of course, in a double whammy, poverty came to be seen as a mark of Gods disgust. Bishop Lawrence of Massachusetts intoned: In the long run, it is only to the man of morality that wealthRead MoreModern Public Relations Of Western Ideology2448 Words   |  10 Pagesto remember that these concepts set forth by individuals such as John W. Hill, manufactures idealistic portrayals of an industry which may or may not actual function within these ideals (Heath Bowen 2002). These variants of Bernay’s â€Å"public be damned† have attempted to legitimize the industry within a moral framework despite critics’ responses that Public Relations is merely lying. (Cutlip et al., 2006). Kantonian principles allow for this evolution of the industry for the betterment of mankindRead MoreGreen Marketing or Greenwashing: Promoting Environmental Initiatives5757 Words   |  24 Pagesto this they have won many awards for their sustainable and environmentally friendly policies e.g. the Green Award in 2009 (CO-OP5, 2012). Conclusion The concepts of green marketing and greenwashing have been analysed. From the research green marketing could be described as: a clear set out plan for a company to help the environment by adapting their businesses to more environmentally friendly policies and is backed up by easily assessable and substantial evidence. Whereas greenwashing wouldRead Moreghjfg6018 Words   |  25 Pagessouls of the dominant world as they discourse with me on weather, weal, and woe are continually playing above their actual words an obligato of tune and tone, saying: My poor, un-white thing! Weep not nor rage. I know, too well, that the curse of God lies heavy on you. Why? That is not for me to say, but be brave! Do your work in your lowly sphere, praying the good Lord that into heaven above, where all is love, you may, one day, be born—white! I do not laugh. I am quite straight-faced as I ask soberly: Read MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages a. Business morality b. Charities as businesses 12. Democracy a. Good vs. Bad 13. Social Issues (only stats provided) a. Gender b. Family c. Equality 14. Governance a. World Governance 15. Others a. Cooperation b. Education c. Crime d. Liberty or Security e. Consumerism 1. Media 1a. New vs. Traditional GENERAL Intro: †¢ The first quarter of 2043 will be when the last newspapers land on front process all over America. This is the prediction the author ofRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagesinsights about the mechanics of economic growth, it has for a long time seemed unable to provide a fundamental explanation for economic growth. As North and Thomas (1973, p. 2) put it: â€Å"the factors we have listed (innovation, economies of scale, education, capital accumulation etc.) are not causes of growth; they are growth† (italics in original). Factor accumulation and innovation are only proximate causes of growth. In North and Thomas’s view, the fundamental explanation of comparative growth is

Analysis of Just in time production methods Free Essays

string(38) " inventory improvements are required\." Introduction Just in time is a ‘pull’ system of production, so actual orders provide a signal for when a product should be manufactured. Demand-pull enables a firm to produce only what is required, in the correct quantity and at the correct time.â€Å"Just-in-time is an inventory system where raw materials are delivered right before they are needed on the assembly line, and finished goods are manufactured just before they are shipped to customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Just in time production methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just-in-time improves return on investment by substantially reducing overhead cost, limiting quality inspections, and eliminating obsolete inventory†. This means that stock levels of raw materials, components, work in progress and finished goods can be kept to a minimum. This requires a carefully planned scheduling and flow of resources through the production process. Modern manufacturing firms use sophisticated production scheduling software to plan production for each period of time, which includes ordering the correct stock. Information is exchanged with suppliers and customers through EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) to help ensure that every detail is correct. A more specific definition is provided by Calvasina et al. (1989):â€Å"JIT is a system of production control that seeks to minimize raw materials and WIP inventories; control (eliminate) defects; stabilize production; continuously simplify the production process; and create a flexible, multi-skilled work force.† Successful JIT implementation should accomplish two major objectives: improve quality and control the timeliness of the production and delivery of products. (Davy; Monden and Walleigh). (Sciencedirect.com, Accessed on 13th May 2011) JIT is of 2 types which are: JIT production: This where the production of the goods is started only when the customer places the order. In this method there will not be finished good stocks but there will be raw material stocks as the purchasing is carried out in normal way. JIT purchasing: This goes one step beyond the JIT production where the purchasing of raw materials for production is also carried out once the order is placed by the customer eliminating raw material stocks. http://www.tutebox.com/business/management/just-in-time-concept/ JIT Concept JIT is a process aimed at increasing value-added and eliminating waste by providing the environment to perfect and simplify the process.JIT in time concept was initiated in Japan making the Toyota as its master piece. JIT is system whether company starts manufacturing/purchasing once the customer orders the good effectively making zero inventories. In other words, in a JIT environment materials are purchased and produced as and when it is needed. The whole idea is based on the phrase provide the goods just in time as promised when the order is placed by the customer. The opposite of the JIT production is known as JIC (Just in case) system where it produces goods for inventory with the intention of having goods just in case a customer places a immediate order. The whole concept of the JIT is differentiated from traditional productions systems using push vs pull systems of production. The push system of production pushes materials to the next stage of the production irrespective of whether time and resources are needed at the next level of production creating lot of inventories at each level of the production flow. The traditional manufacturing organizations adopt push system where they produce for inventory and work in progress. The pull system of production is where the materials are pulled by next level of the production only when is signaled or required by the next stage of production. This drastically reduces the inventory held as it does not keep any work in progress. JIT concept is built based on the concept of pull production which eliminates the total inventory. Source: Kaluarachchi, 2009) Kanban: kanban is a Japanese word which means cards and information will be indicated in that card. Usually information includes serial no. of product identification, the quantity, the required operation and place of enquiry. Kanbans allow to link different production process together (Jarvis, podolsky.s, cheng.t.c.e, 1996). Key elements in JIT One problem with JIT is that it only works well in certain types of organization. The most successful users of JIT are currently car assembly plants, which make large numbers of similar products in a continuous process. You can see why this is, from the following arguments. Every time there are changes to a process, or it switches from making one product to making another, there are delays, disruptions and costs. JIT says that these change waste resources and should be eliminated. The level of production must allow a smooth and continuous flow of products through the process. Each part of the process should be fully utilized, so the process is likely to be a well-balanced assembly line. Deliveries of materials are made directly to the assembly line at just time they are needed. Suppliers must be able to adapt to this kind of operation. Lead times must be short or the delay in answering a request for materials becomes too long. This means working closely with the suppliers and even having hem build facilities that are physically close. As there are no stocks to give safety cover, any defects in materials would disrupt production. Suppliers must, therefore If something goes wrong, people working on the process must be able to find the cause, take the action needed to correct the fault, and make sure that it does not happen again. This needs a skilled and flexible workforce that is committed to the success of the organization. (source:- Donald Waters ( 2002) p.461) Benefits of JIT Manufacturing System The main benefits of JIT have been well famous within the literature. A carefully planned implementation of JIT can directly provide increased teamwork and employee involvement, as the organization works together to find areas of waste to target and work out ways to reduce waste in that area (Slack, Chambers, Johnston, 2007). This results in a simplification of the inventory management system, as well as business processes involved in inventory management. Supplier relationships and data regarding the business are used to identify specific areas where inventory improvements are required. You read "Analysis of Just in time production methods" in category "Essay examples" Lower stock holding means a reduction in storage space which saves rent and insurance costs Areas previously used, to store inventories can be used for other more productive uses. As stock is only obtained when it is needed, less working capital is tied up in stock. Funds that were tied up in inventories can be used elsewhere. Throughput time is reduced, resulting in greater potential output and quicker response to customers. There is less likelihood of stock perishing, becoming obsolete or out of date Avoids the build-up of unsold finished product that can occur with sudden changes in demand. Defect rates are reduced, resulting in less waste and greater customer satisfaction. Less time is spent on checking and re-working the product of others as the emphasis is on getting the work right first time. (Source: www.ritalogisticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-just-in-time-jit-manufacturing-and-inventory-control-system/ (Accessed on 9th May 2011)) Disadvantages of JIT JIT has many strong points, there are weaknesses as well. â€Å"In just-in-time, everything is very interdependent. Everyone relies on everybody else† (Greenberg, 2002). Because of this strong interdependence with JIT, a weakness in the supply chain caused by a JIT weakness can be very costly to all linked in the chain. JIT processes can be risky to certain businesses and vulnerable to the supply chain in situations such as labour strikes, interrupted supply lines, market demand fluctuations, stock outs, lack of communication upstream and downstream in the supply chain and unforeseen production interruptions. Weakness of Just in time is a high danger plan because scheduling work is short period and the inventory degrees are kept to a minimal degree. In total quality of product is key issue with Just in Time conception. There is little room for mistakes as minimal stock is kept for re-working faulty product Production is very reliant on suppliers and if stock is not delivered on time, the whole production schedule can be delayed There is no spare finished product available to meet unexpected orders, because all product is made to meet actual orders – however, JIT is a very responsive method of production. The key characteristics of JiT 1 The main characteristic of Just – In – Time 1 is to reduce the inventory and the benefits while reducing the inventories. The purpose of Just – In – Time (JIT) is for organizations, aiming to minimize their inventory, to have material that is provided when required for use, minimizing any physical stock that is stored. JIT is not without its challenges, overproduction or procurement of excess material can conceal manufacturing issues or compensate for demand variability and these issues need to be resolved for Just in time inventory to be successful. Just – In – Time (JIT) works in the three types of inventories: 1) Raw Materials: Inventories provide insurance in case suppliers are late with deliveries. 2) Work in process: Inventories are maintained in case a work station is unable to operate due to a breakdown or other reason. 3) Finished Goods: Inventories are maintained to accommodate unexpected fluctuations in demand. JIT Inventory Management Just-in-Time (JIT) inventory management is the process of ordering and receiving inventory for production and customer sales only as it is needed and not before. This means that the company does not hold safety stock and operates with low inventory levels. This strategy helps companies lower their inventory carrying costs. Just-in-time inventory management is a cost-cutting inventory management strategy though it can guide to stock outs. The goal of JIT is to improve return on investment by reducing non-essential costs. Examples: Just-in-time inventory management is used by Toyota Manufacturing as its inventory management system. The basic principle of JIT is â€Å"lean manufacturing† or reduction of inventory. Unlike the traditional accounting notion that considers inventory as adding and storing value, JIT considers inventory as waste and incurring costs. Lean Manufacturing:-Identification and elimination of waste is the central theme of a lean manufacturing production system. Lean manufacturing is a dynamic and constantly improving process dependent upon understanding and involvement by all employees. Successful implementation requires that all employees must be trained to identify and eliminate waste from their work.Waste exists in all work and at all levels in the organization. Seven Types of Waste are:- 1. Over Production:- Producing more than needed and producing faster than needed. Overproduction is to manufacture an item before it is actually required. Overproduction is highly costly to a manufacturing plant because it prohibits the smooth flow of materials and actually degrades quality and productivity. The Toyota Production System is also referred to as â€Å"Just in Time† (JIT) because every item is made just as it is needed. Overproduction manufacturing is referred to as â€Å"Just in Case.† This creates excessive lead times, results in high storage costs, and makes it difficult to detect defects. The simple solution to overproduction is turning off the tap; this requires a lot of courage because the problems that overproduction is hiding will be revealed. The concept is to schedule and produce only what can be immediately sold/shipped and improve machine changeover/set-up capability. Over-production results in higher costs for storage, Lack of Communication, Local Optimization, Automation in the Wrong Places, Cost Accounting Practices and Lack of Stable/Consistent Schedules excessive lead times, and it makes detecting the defects quite difficult. The solution for over-production is to stop producing materials and only produce what can be immediately sold or shipped. Poor information flow is another reason that over-production occurs, hence why communication is so important in the lean manufacturing process. 2. Unnecessary Inventory :- Work in Progress (WIP) is a direct result of overproduction and waiting. Having excessive inventory will lead to increased lead times, limited floor space, and poor communication. Too much inventory often masks problems from other areas as well. Generally an arrival of inventory can be traced to poor communication and batch processing. By achieving a unspoiled flow between work centres, many manufacturers have been able to improve customer service and slash inventories and their associated costs. 3. Waiting Times:- Whenever goods are not moving or being processed, the waste of waiting occurs. Delay refers to the waste of goods that are not moving. As you already may be aware, much of a product’s life is spent waiting for the next phase. The reason this is considered a waste is because the good should never be waiting. If they are waiting it is due to poor material flow, long production runs, and distances between work centres are too great. Goldratt (Theory of Constraints) has stated many times that one hour lost in a bottleneck process is one hour lost to the entire factory’s output, which can never be recovered. Linking processes together so that one feeds directly into the next can dramatically reduce waiting. (source: www.emsstrategies.com) 4. Inefficient Transporting :- Moving your product from one location adds no value to your product. Many products are damaged or lost, casing a waste of money. Transporting also requires the use of material handlers, and this also adds no value to the product. This is one waste that is difficult to reduce or eliminate. Material handlers must be used to transport the materials, resulting in another organizational cost that adds no customer value. Transportation can be difficult to reduce due to the perceived costs of moving equipment and processes closer together. Furthermore, it is often hard to determine which processes should be next to each other. Mapping the flow of your product may be one way you can gain a greater understanding of the transportation phase and learn how to reduce the costs. 5. Unnecessary / Excess Motion This waste is related to ergonomics and is seen in all instances of bending, stretching, walking, lifting, and reaching. These are also health and safety issues, Often the motion is not due to the employees behaviour, but the machine they are operating may be manufactured poorly and the employee is unable to turn a knob (or something similar) without using poor ergonomics. This waste leads to health and safety issues, which obviously lead to bigger problems in today’s controversial society. Causes for excess motion is Equipment, Office Plant Layout, Lack of 5 S’s, Lack of Visual Controls, Inconsistent Work Methods (Standardized Work), Large Batch Sizes. 6. Inappropriate Processing:- Several companies purchase high precision equipment to do a simple job. High precision equipment often leads to over-production of goods. This can also encompass using the wrong suppliers or the wrong process to do a job. The causes of processing waste is Engineering Changes Without Processing Changes, Decision Making at Inappropriate Levels, Inefficient Policies and Procedures, Lack of Customer Input Concerning Requirements.Toyota is famous for their use of low-cost automation, combined with immaculately maintained, often older machines. Investing in smaller, more flexible equipment where possible; creating manufacturing cells; and combining steps will greatly reduce the waste of inappropriate processing. 7. Rejects Defects:- Defects in the manufacturing process are a tremendous cost to a company. Any small defect directly impacts your bottom line and effects inventory, scheduling, inspection, and other factors. In many organizations the total cost of defects is often a significant percentage of total manufacturing cost. Through employee involvement and Continuous Process Improvement (CPI), there is a huge opportunity to reduce defects at many facilities. 5s’s 5S efforts almost always improve workplace safety, operator morale, quality, and throughput. A workplace organization tool/process that maximizes the cleanliness, organization, and safety of all elements in a working environment. 5S supports a smooth production process in various ways. Searching for tools is eliminated, flow principles are applied, and tools storage is done where they are needed most. Location indicators visualise how things have been organised, and non conformities are seen at once. The 5S method improves employees’ ownership and leads to substantial quality improvement, cost reduction as well as product and process safety The individual items within 5S are known as the â€Å"pillars† and are: 1. Sort: – Clearing the work area. Any work area should only have the items needed to perform the work in the area. All other items should be cleared (sorted out) from the work area. It has been variously anglicised as Sort, Systematisation or Simplify by those wishing to retain the S as the initial letter of each element. It is the series of steps by which we identify things which are being held in the workplace when they shouldn’t, or are being held in the wrong place. Put simply, we may identify a large area devoted to tools or gauges, some of which are needed regularly and some used infrequently. This brings all sorts of problems, including: Operators unable to find the item they need, being unable to see wood for trees. The time spent searching is a waste and if we only held the items needed regularly in a prominent position we would save time. Quality issues when gauges are not calibrated on time because too many are held. Safety issues when people fall over things. Lockers and racking cluttering the workplace making it hard to move around or to see each other and communicate. (www.training-management.com accessed on 10th June 2011) 2. Set: – Designating locations. Everything in the work area should have a place and everything should be in its place. Set is the series of steps by which the most favourable organisation identified in the first pillar are put into place. The standard translation is Orderliness but again some wish to keep the initial S and use Sort Set in order, Straighten and Standardisation. The sorting out process is essentially a continuation of that described in the Set phase. Removing items to be discarded or held in an alternative location will create space. This space will be visible and facilitate the alternative layout of the area. 3. Shine: – Cleanliness workplace appearance. Not only should the work area be clear, it should also be clean. Cleanliness involves housekeeping efforts, improving the appearance of the work area, and even more importantly, preventive housekeeping – keeping the work area from getting dirty, rather than just cleaning it up after it becomes dirty. 4. Standardize:- Everyone doing things the same way. Everyone in the work area and in the organization must be involved in the 5S effort, creating best practices and then getting everyone to â€Å"copy† those best practices the same way, everywhere, and every time. Work area layouts and storage techniques should be standardized wherever possible. Standardisation includes all the elements of setting out a consistent way of doing things. This includes standard manufacturing methodologies, standard equipment and tooling, component rationalisation, drawing standardisation, consistency in the documentation which accompanies work, design for manufacture (or concurrent engineering) and standardisation in the clerical processes which deliver work to the shop floor and track its progress. 5. Sustain:-The final stage is that of Discipline often listed as Sustain or Self-discipline. Ingraining the 5S’s into the culture. It’s tough to keep a 5S effort, or any improvement effort for that matter, going. The 5S’s involve a culture change. And to achieve a culture change, it has to be ingrained into the organization – by everyone at all levels in the organization. (www.training-management.com accessed on 10th June 2011) JIT II JIT II is a way to improve the customer-supplier relationship. JIT II uses â€Å"systems integration† which allows, â€Å"sharing of information so that the relationship is more like a partnership† (Pragman 1996). Essentially this equals more and more visibility throughout the supply chain, which equals better responsiveness and lower costs, the two main goals of supply chain management. â€Å"JIT II, a customer-supplier partnership concept pioneered at Bose Corporation and now practiced by major companies and their suppliers, can aid in cutting both design and response lead time† (Pragman 1996). This is talented through systems combination, which seeks ways to improve coordination between different functional areas, as well as bridges the gap between customer and supplier. With JIT II the suppliers have a person within the customer’s organization full time acting as a purchasing department employee for the customer firm. JIT II has really impacted the following areas: â€Å"the administration of the purchasing function, logistics, concurrent engineering and value analysis and material stores and support services. In each of these areas the lead time reductions are greater with JIT II than with conventional JIT† (Pragman 1996). The administrative benefits of JIT II are due to the fact that the supplier is constantly available in-house. JIT II reduces administrative costs for both the customer and supplier because the purchasing costs are not all on the customer and the supplier gets all the business from that specific customer as it wants as long as things go well. Because the supplier is always present â€Å"JIT II permits concurrent engineering and value analysis to take place on an ongoing basis, not just during sporadic sales calls† (Pragman 1996). Challenges in JIT Concept There are two major challenges faced in Just – In – Time concept, they are cultural difference, stress on workers, transportation and estimation. 1) Transportation: The main motto or aim in Just – In – Time is to reduce/ minimise the inventory. Just – In – Time follows different system, in which raw materials order is placed to the suppliers when demand increases from the customers, these raw material then delivered from the suppliers to the manufacturing plant in a right time at a right place, when the raw material is received initially assembling process take place and finally finished products are being delivered to the customer. This process is like chain flow, to have a proper flow transportation place a major role and some companies are careful to use two or more suppliers for most of their assemblies. There are several challenges which are connected in transportation. When the order is placed to the suppliers, it is their responsibility to deliver the raw material to the manufacturing plant in actual time at exact place. While transporting there are many chances of accident, for example: when the raw material is being exported from one country to another country through shipping. Delay in delivering goods because of traffic, climatic condition and crossing country borders, for example: as India is highly populated lots of time is consumed in traffic (Roadways), delay in climate condition occur while transferring goods through airways and checking of documents passing clearness for the goods travelling from one country’s border to another country this may also consume lots of time. In case, if any problem occurs in transportation the whole system is to be shut and finally resulting in loss of money, customer’s satisfaction increase in Inventory (Stock). 2) Estimation: Most of the companies or firm suffer because of the word estimation/ prediction. In this system without any demand from the customer the manufacturing unit starts producing good and place bulk orders to the suppliers. Finally when the raw materials are converted into finishes goods there won’t be customers to purchase it this may led to increase in inventory. And in some companies, manufacturing unit collects limited raw material and produce limited finishes good but the customer demand will be high. So these companies suffer by loosing lots of customer. In this case company suffers from two major problem one is excess of finished product which result in high inventory or stock and another problem is shortage of finished product which lead to loss of customer. How Toyota Implemented Just in Time: Challenges Faced and Results The major challenges faced by Toyota in implementing JIT included Multi-skilling the workforce to operate multiple machines based on work-flow patterns Redesigning every part of the vehicle to eliminate or widen tolerance since assembly lines did not have a choice of which parts to use and every part had to fit perfectly Testing and training suppliers of parts to assure quality and delivery in time on demand (brighthub.com, Accessed on 14th May 2011) Factories today just aren’t as efficient as they could be. JIT asserts that companies operate under the wrong ideas. The ideas, while logical, result in needless waste. Particularly, JIT challenges the following: As companies grow, functions tend to become specialized. Factory organization separates fabrication, assembly, shipping, and so on. But departmental production lacks synchronization. Bottlenecks form and cause large in-process inventory and long lead times. Finger pointing between departments to avoid responsibility abounds. (findarticles.com, Accessed on 14th May 2011) Produce to forecast. Forecasts, in varying degrees of sophistication, â€Å"push† production, in contrast to production being â€Å"pulled† by customers. Even the most sophisticated forecast isn’t right; differences inevitably wind up in inventory. (findarticles.com, Accessed on 14th May 2011) Operations environments in which JiT is most useful The JIT philosophy has been used in the manufacturing industry for about forty to fifty years now, the system has not only increased productivity but also increased the quality of products, explorative studies have been completed in recent years to see if the JIT system can be applied to construction companies so that they can get the benefits of the system. Most of the research concluded that it can be implemented but with some modifications Pheng Hui (1998) As stated earlier JIT has proven to work well in the manufacturing sector, it is obvious why it is successful in the manufacturing sector, as it originated from a manufacturing industry. The concept Just – In – Time used in the following companies: Toyota Motor Company General Motors Ford Motor Company Harley Davidson Manufacturing Magic Hawthorne Management Consulting Dell Computers. (Source: www.accountingformanagement.com/just_in_time.htm#Just-In-Time Concept (Accessed on 10th June 2011) Just – In – Time (JIT) Used in Dell: Dell has also leveraged JIT principles to make its manufacturing process a success. Dell’s approach to JIT is different in that they leverage their suppliers to achieve the JIT goal. They are also unique in that Dell is able to provide exceptionally short lead times to their customers, by forcing their suppliers to carry inventory instead of carrying it themselves and then demanding (and receiving) short lead times on components so that products can be simply assembled by Dell quickly and then shipped to the customer. Important factors to Dell’s success: Dependable suppliers with the ability to meet Dell are demanding lead time requirements. A seamless system that allows Dell to transmit its component requirements so that they will arrive at Dell in time to fulfil its lead times. A willingness of suppliers to keep inventory on hand allowing Dell to be free of this responsibility. (Source: www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/71540.aspx (Accessed on 10th June 2011) Just – In – Time (JIT) Used in Harley Davidson: Harley Davidson’s use of JIT is mostly characterized by its transformation in the late World War 2 era from an inefficient manufacturer that solved all of its problems with extra inventory to a nimble manufacturer able to meet demand and provide short lead times. Results of Harley Davidson’s JIT implementation: Inventory levels decreased 75%. Increased productivity. Harley Davidson’s success with the implementation of JIT had a lot to do with the fact that when JIT was put into practice, process problems could no longer be hidden by costly inventory that helped to meet ship dates. The inefficiencies in the processes were quickly identified and solved. (Source: www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/71540.aspx (Accessed on 10th June 2011) Toyota, Dell and Harley Davidson’s are the successful companies/ firm which use Just – In – Time (JIT). They produce the effective products according to the customer needs and they these three companies have achieved a competitive advantage within the industries by utilizing Just – In – Process (JIT) concept. Operations environments in which JiT is most less useful The Just – In – Time (JIT) concept is used and being useful in many of the firms/Industries especially in manufacturing sectors. But there are some companies were Just – In – Time (JIT) concept cannot be adopted, like drug/medicine manufacturing companies and in the pharmaceutical companies. Just – In –Time (JIT) is all about minimising or reducing the inventories, this concept will not be applicable in these companies. In this case manufacturing sector cannot predict like sickness, spread of deceases, accident and natural calamities. In this field people cannot demand for the product often, then it won’t be possible for the manufacture to place order for the raw materials from suppliers, next is assembling process and finally it is impossible to deliver the finished product to the customer at the right time in the right place, mean time the person may die. In this particular sector there must be a large bulk of inventories, the process should be in a continuous flow and Just – In – Time is impossible to implement. Just – In – Time (JIT) would not necessarily improve a drug company’s bottom line. Making all pharmaceutical manufacturing processes robust enough that you can do JIT might not be a good business decision because it might cost you more to make the process robust and get it reregistered than the value of having reduced inventory. On the other hand, generic-drug companies might be more eager to adopt Just – In – Time (JIT) manufacturing than innovato r companies. Generic-drug manufacturers are more prone to driving manufacturing innovation to reduce cost because their margins are razor thin compared with the branded products, which provides advisory services in the global supply chain and enabling technology. A drug maker would not necessarily achieve the same level of success with Just – In – Time (JIT) manufacturing as a carmaker has, and it would be misguided for a drug company to adopt JIT principles just because it works for Toyota, Dell and Harley Davidson’s. Financial and manufacturing considerations are different in the pharmaceutical and automotive industries. JIT principles that work for a carmaker might not be appropriate for all drug-production processes. (Source: Is JIT Manufacturing the Right Prescription, by Erik Greb, pharmaceutical technology, Volume 33, Issue 3, PP. 72-78) CHANGES THAT MIGHT IMPROVE JIT IN THEORY /PRACTICE Researchers such as Crawford et al (1988) suggested that an obvious aspect for successful implementation of JIT is the commitment of sufficiently large resources in education and training to overcome the cultural resistance to change. Secondly they stated that the JIT implementation requires that the company focus on total quality control and total preventive maintenance in the early stages of implementation process, both these steps are needed in order to consistently perform to schedule. Other indicated actions to ensure performance to schedule include cross training workers and stabilizing the master production schedule. Conclusion Just-in-time manufacturing can be a positive influence on a company. However there are many risks associated with attempting to implement JIT manufacturing techniques. When looked at it appears to be a very simple, quick, and easy thing to do. In reality it is a very complicated technique that takes long term commitment and a initial cost with no guarantee of success. The most important thing for the company is to have good organized resource allocation. Also, the management and employees must have on their mind that this concept can help the organization to solve many problems in logistics. If implemented successfully it would eliminate waste, make the company more productive and more efficient. It does this through shorter transportation and increased communication. Although there are many companies that are successful, many companies are not. Even though there are massive risks many still consider implementing JIT for it many advantages. The JIT concept is only one part in the value chain that brings the satisfaction to the customers. It means that the JIT concept cannot must solve existing problems in other organization processes. Everything in enterprises is needed to be healthy, through the hierarchy of employees and all workflow processes. Synergy is the only thing that can improve business results. And in the bottom line, the JIT concept is just one link in the whole chain, but very important. Reference: Donald Waters (2002) Operations Management Producing Goods and Services (second edition) London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Pragman, Claudia. â€Å"JIT II: a purchasing concept for reducing lead times in time-based competition. (just-in-time management).† Business Horizons, July-August 1996 v39 n4 p54(5). http://ritalogisticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-just-in-time-jit-manufacturing-and-inventory-control-system/ www.tutor2u.net/business/production/just-in-time.html (Accessed on 10 June 2011)) Slack, N., Chambers, S., Johnston, R. (2007). Operations Management (5th ed.). London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. http://www.customwritten.com/Writing/jit-inventory-management-restaurant-paper.html www.ritalogisticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-just-in-time-jit-manufacturing-and-inventory-control-system/(Accessed on 10th May 2011)) http://etidweb.tamu.edu/ftp/entc412/Archive/Lean1.pdf http://www.emsstrategies.com/dm090203article2.html http://inventory-management.bestmanagementarticles.com/a-39335-just-in-time-jit-inventory-model–is-it-effective.aspx http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/71901.aspx#ixzz1OniaZg4Z http://www.training-management.info/5s.htm http://ritalogisticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-just-in-time-jit-manufacturing-and-inventory-control-system/ www.chartitnow.com/5S.html (Accessed on 10th May 2011) http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1510084show=abstract The concept again by collocating supplier and customer, by Schonberger Gilbert (1983) and Pheng Hui (1998) Pharmtech.findpharma.com/pharmtech/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=584969sk=date=pageID=2 (Accessed on 10th June 2011) Is JIT Manufacturing the Right Prescription, by Erik Greb, pharmaceutical technology, Volume 33, Issue 3, PP. 72-78 Findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1038/is_n4_v39/ai_18485578/?tag=content;col1 (Accessed on 10th June 2011) How to cite Analysis of Just in time production methods, Essay examples

Team Building and Team Development

Table of Contents Introduction First and Second Stage Norm Stage Justification of the Opinion Expectations Conclusions Introduction The stages of team development are formation state, storming, normalizing, performing and transforming stages. Each of these stages has a special challenge especially for a group of people who are struggling to function as a unit. Some unique or special features/actions particularly from the individual entities strengthen the cohesive forces that ought to guide team members towards a team mission.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Team Building and Team Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First and Second Stage According to Guttman (2008), the first stage of formation involves coming together to form a group that has a shared vision or mission. The group aims at mainly accomplishing a certain purpose. The second stage of storming emerges because the team members get to kn ow each other, but may have some conflicting views that can stain the relationship. For instance, they may fail to agree on the procedures to follow towards attaining the set goals or disagree against the set vision /mission of a firm. The case sample of members of a medical facility has passed these two stages. Norm Stage The norm stage is progressive since members are able to share ideas and form working relationships that cater for the team’s objectives and progress. The current team has harmonized its prior strained or competitive relationships. It is thus able to work harmoniously towards development goals. However, some cohesiveness of the team still lacks some collaboration, thus the reason it is still in the norm stage. The team has to attain the next stage of the development life cycle, which is the performing stage. The team lacks strong collaboration and team unity thus affecting harmonization. Lack of synchronization in the team is thus the reason why members or team leaders fails to bring out a successful functioning team. Justification of the Opinion A new colleague joining the team at this stage must expect to meet members who can either cause team conflicts or enforce work harmony. The members may also feel secure and express their opinions freely due to existing spirit of responsiveness, kindness and affirmation. Openness and members cooperation also promotes members’ listening skill. By listening to one another, they are able to understand the importance of maintaining an effective form of communication. They have various measures of enhancing communication as an effective tool of combating conflicts or disagreements. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The working techniques and strategies are well established. The reason for easy establishment is due to collaboration and as a result, members are in a position to choose a leader amongst them and establish the role of each affiliate. However, effective performance often fails to take place due to lack of enough trust or honesty among members. The team is thus not yet reasonable, since there are no evident justifiable procedures to quantify the team. Expectations In line with Boone and Kurtz (2010), a real team in the performing stage is very effective and productive. The members act honestly with each other, thus strengthening their interaction and ability to have synchronized objectives for success. The members of this team at a medical facility also lack confidence and members may fail to believe that the group is strong enough for anticipated success. Member’s collaboration still fails to trigger personal impressions that their team is the best and the most successful experience. At the initial stages of development, a team is expected to engage members to pursue goals or projects. Conclusions The new member should also understand that h is/her presence might cause either progression to the next stage or regression to previous stage. The progress therefore depends on experience and skills of the team members. At this stage, the team cannot analyze their current performance level and have a basis for future projections. The team always disbands after accomplishing goals, but it is a difficult process due to the already formed strong links between members. Perhaps one question that can assist in analysis of the stage would be how fast or easy the team can break up. This essay on Team Building and Team Development was written and submitted by user Karissa A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Exploratory Essay on Immigration

Exploratory Essay on Immigration Exploratory Essay on Immigration Immigration into the USA has recently become a contentious issue in the national debate. Democrats and Republicans have clashed with each other, and with the White House. Republicans have clashed with Republicans as well. Why is immigration such a problem to a country that was founded on immigrants, and has inscribed â€Å"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free.† on their famous Statue of Liberty. There are several reasons that emerge in the debate. The historical source of immigrants and national identity is a main one. The original immigrants to the USA were in fact Anglo Saxon Protestants. As their national identity grew, they saw themselves as a Christian, Protestant, English speaking people and nation. As further waves of immigrants arrived, they were, if not Anglo Saxon, primarily western European, and Christian and mostly willing to learn English, and be absorbed into the American way. Even when the Irish, Italians and Polish made their way to the USA, although Catholic they were Europeans, who fit into the predominantly Anglo Saxon American identity. They were minorities, who learned English and accepted the status quo. Also, many of them brought needed skills to the country. This was a major factor of the sense of national identity, America was white, English and Protestant. The latent racial superiority overtones were only observed openly with regard to the African American slaves. However, as they were slaves and a small minority they were tolerated, if not welcomed. It is this that is driving some of the resistance to current immigration. The source of the new wave of immigrants is not European, or Anglo Saxon. Rather the main groups of immigrants are Latin Americans coming from South America, and the Caribbean island. They are predominantly Spanish speaking, unskilled, and Catholic, and arriving in great numbers. This threatens the national identity in various ways. The threat they pose to the original immigrants is first in the sheer magnitude of their numbers. In California, Texas, and Florida for example. This threatens to change the whole culture of these and other states. Instead of being absorbed into the American culture, learning English and providing skills, they are demanding education in Spanish for their children, and the majority has poor education, no English, few skills and no resources. Known as Hispanics there are about 50 million in the USA. Only Mexico has more. In the period 2010- 11 their numbers in the USA rose by 2.8 million. It is projected in 50 years time the Hispanics will constitute a third of the population of the USA. (U.S. Census Burea). It is this that has the Republicans concerned. With such numbers preferring to speak Spanish, be educated in Spanish, and keep their Catholic religion their immigration is seen as colonization. Their lack of skill and resources as a drain on social security, medical and educational resources. The massive amount of illegal immigrants already in the country is another problem. About 11 million are currently living in the USA illegally. To Republicans they are lawbreakers, criminals who need to be deported, not supported. Others say reality dictates they must be given legal status because it is impossible to arrest and deport them. Plus many have children that were born in the USA, are in schools, and see themselves as Americans. It is because of such complexities that immigration is such a contentious subject in the USA today. There seems to be no easy solution to the question of immigration into the USA, whether legal or illegal. Tips on writing: Exploratory essays ask questions to gather and share information on the topic about immigration. It is not necessary to find answers. Introductions for exploratory essays are broad, as you are making an inquiry into a topic, not proving a thesis. Present the topic and the questions you will ask. State your research question clearly state what you want to discover, and why. Identify the issue, its causes and other factors of immigration. Identify decision makers and other interested parties. You do not have to supply solutions as the paper is for the purpose of identifying the problem. If it happens that you need custom exploratory essays on immigration contact our professional writing company.

Editing Paper Term

Editing Paper Term Editing Paper Term Editing Paper Term: What Is It? Have you ever wondering what is editing? Imagine you are writer. You full of ideas and great numbers of exciting plots are there in your head. However, great writer skills will be needed to edit it any way you like. Afterwords you show it to one of our qualify member who tell you what needs to be done. You agree with that and send it off to them, for them to edit and revise some parts. You also need to provide details of what needs to be edited for you to meet your requirements, as you and the writer may have different visions. Editing Paper Term: Checking. When you started to work, you have already done part of your paper term, you should check it. There must be some mistakes. If you are tired and have no efforts to do it, you should use editing paper term service. They know how to cope with difficulties. We were students too and we both know what it feels like to write easy term paper topics when you do not understand meaning and you cannot c atch the main idea. Yes, it is very unpleasant thing to realize that there are such topics you are not competent. And here you recall each brilliant situation when you enjoyed yours dedication to the issue. All your friends and all witnesses of such situations were proud of you. You impressed them by your intelligence and a huge experience. Pleasant feelings and emotions, do not they? However, difficulties occur. Thus is an inescapable fact. Editing Paper Term: AdvicesCheck the realness of facts you are describing Check the size and correct academia style Try to avoid abbreviates Try to express your thought clearlyTerm Paper Editing Help If you need professional help with term paper editing, we are ready to help you! Our team consists of experienced term paper writers and editors, who are able to impress you with exceptional work and immediate results! We do not compromise on quality, and there is no room for plagiarism! You will be satisfied with our term paper editing h elp. If not we will give your money back! From grammar to formatting, from additional quotations to overall flow, no stone will be left unturned! Our term paper editors are responsible, trained, and experienced. There is no assignment we cannot handle. Every term paper we work on becomes a masterpiece of written word!

The French New Wave style of film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The French New Wave style of film - Essay Example The film makers during the late ‘50s wanted both on-screen as well as behind the scene works done by the young-ones. This appeal helped to inspire a novel movement of film-makers onto the screen. Nevertheless, this appeal initiated the illusion that those succeeding were all fresh for a jeune film. This paper will show the Cinematography influenced the French new wave style of film. The French nouvelle vague (or New wave) is broadly viewed as the most instrumental crusades ever to occur in film. The outcomes of the New-wave have been known since its founding as a crusade and long afterwards it disappeared away (Cook 34). The new-wave was led by a diminutive group of detractors who penned for ‘Cahiers du Cinema’, a French-film periodical. It was an indication against the outdated French cinema that was more literature than film. The French new-wave established such concepts as â€Å"la politique des auteur,† the insignificance of undeviating structure and jum p cuts. The French new-wave provided a major feel of change within cinema, which would trickle all over the globe (Marie 45). The most notable persons engrossed in the new-wave are unquestionably those who were linked to Cahiers in the mid-‘50s. ... Other French film directors, as well as Louis Malle and Agnes Varda, soon became associated with the French New Wave movement. Every one of them soon-to-be film producers was experienced in cinema history as well as had a craving for movie that could describe them as ‘cinephiles’.   This ‘film devotees’ outlook was due mainly to the Cinematheque Francaise, a movie archive intended to â€Å"support cinema study as well as cinema ethnicity in France† that had been founded by Henry Langlo is with Franju Georges as well as had remained open in the occupation. The Cinema the que afforded accessibility to a vast library of global movies and the detractors of Cahiers utilized as many of them as they possibly could (Marie 23). The notions of the new-wave had been scraping for some time in the critics minds and Cahiers’ editors, and writings of movie critic Astruc Alexandre, predominantly on his notion of camera-stylo. Nonetheless, it is believed that the New-Wave crusade blew up during the 1959 release of 3 films –, Alain Renais’ Hiroshima, Truffaut’s Les Quatre des Coups (The 400 Blows), Godard and Mon Amour’s A bout de Souffle (Breathless). Though Rena is Alain was among the old group of movie directors, his influence and style on the New-Wave was obvious enough within Hiroshima that also awarded the ‘International Critics Award’ in 1959 at Cannes Film Festival. Resna is Alain was not the only director to leave with an accolade at the Cannes Festival in 1959; Truffaut was presented with Best Director for the 400 Blows (Les Quatre des Coups) (Marie 33). What audiences witnessed in these three movies was a dropping of what Truffaut denoted to as grandad’s cinema or â€Å"cinema du

Management At a Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management At a Company - Assignment Example Apple Inc. is best known for its creative and proprietary software and hardware and has reached many milestones in the world of technology in the recent years. Studies have shown that it is among the most admired organizations in the world and it tops in innovation and management of employees. From the time it was established it had a different and unique way of management i.e. it deviated from the traditional corporate structure that was common with organizations at that time. Its operations were based on the idea of information corporate culture within the industry of technology. It was in favor of the flat organizational structure to the tall structure. This replaces the rigid bureaucracy with informal forms of organization. This is best suited for organizations with difficult problems to solve and where the innovative culture is sophisticated. The advantage of this type of structure is its effectiveness in empowerment and innovation. It is also easy and quick to implement policies, coordination is also increased. This organization has the disadvantage of difficulty in changing the leadership or the culture of the organization. It may face damaging consequences especially when other components of the strategic structures may not fit together. One major management change that has been at Apple Inc was the time Steve Jobs became the CEO of the company. Many considered his management style as what it is expected in management as his leadership style could be admired or criticized but could not be copied. His management was orthodox and that’s how the company was managed. The leadership style approach was of vertical, top-down approach which was often harsh. He was the leading character at new product launches. His workforce was his most treasured asset and he offered meaning to them. The workforce worked hard on visionary projects,

The atrocities of blood diamonds

The atrocities of blood diamonds The Atrocities of Blood Diamonds The name â€Å"diamond† comes from the Greek word, â€Å"adamas†, meaning unconquerable. Suitably diamonds are the hardest natural substance known to man, it is made up of milky-white pure carbon crystals. Diamonds have always been a sign of wealth and prosperity. It is also a traditional expression of love. However, it is financing and profiting vicious political militias. People all around the world own these diamonds, and have never heard of Sierra Leone. Blood diamonds, also called â€Å"conflict diamonds,† are diamonds that are illegally mined and traded by rebel groups to fund militias that are against governments. To fully understand the eminence of these gems, and ultimately realize their role in violence, its important to know where they come from. Blood diamonds are mainly associated with the African countries of Angola, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe. These precious stones have been around for a century or so, but it wasnt until it financed both civil wars in Angola and Sierra Leone in the 1990s, that international attention was drawn to the horrors of these diamonds. Ever since then diamond-connected violence in Africa has been systemic and massive. (Gale) Due to human right abuses, child labor, fueled violence, and environmental destruction of blood diamonds, the government should fully enforce the prevention of trading conflict diamonds within the diamond industry.   After the country gained independence from Portugal in 1975, Angolas civil war raged for nearly thirty years. (GALE) The opposing divisions made an agreement to cease-fire, and held a multiparty election. Well-known rebel leader Jonas Savimbi ran for presidency, but was defeated. Believing that the election was unfair, he took his rebel group, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), and took control of two-thirds of Angola, including majority of its diamond mines. With the diamonds, he funded the guerrilla warfare. UNITAs diamonds were smuggled out of Angola through the Democratic Republic of Congo. (Campell 4) Sierra Leone is a small nation on the West African coast with a population of over four million people. It used to be a leading country with strong academic and artistic achievement, and entrepreneurial abilities. However, with a great decline, it is now the worst place to live in the world, and it continues to get worse. The country is terrorized by the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) who is motivated by two factors: 1. Government failure to attend to the needs of the citizens; and 2. Conflicting ideas about who should control the states mineral resources. (Banant) Initially RUF claimed to fight a corrupt administration, however the rebels quickly realized that the most effective route to power lay in Sierra Leones diamond mines. Foday Sankoh, a former corporal of the Sierra Leone army, leads the RUF. He was imprisoned for seven years for being part of the coup attempt against Siaka Stevens. (Meredith 107) By 1994 the RUF had control of massive parts of Sierra Leone and its mines. They smuggled the diamonds into their neighbor, Liberia. From there is sold into the world market. In 2007, Zimbabwe emerged as a hotspot for large-scale diamond smuggling. The countrys diamonds surfaced in South Africa, where it was reported as legitimate diamonds and was exported around the world. However the Zimbabwe government vigorously denied these charges. In the past two years with further evidence of corruption, the violence in the nations diamond fields continues to spur international concern. Human Rights Watch conducted studies that show that police officers in Zimbabwes fields to end the illicit diamond smuggling were actually responsible for the killing of artisan miners and locals. In October 2008, under the control of President Robert Mugabe, the Zimbabwe military killed over 200 people to take over the Marange diamond fields. Today De Beers a London based company, controls over two-thirds of the worlds diamonds. This company became involved with the diamonds from Africa right after their discovery. Rhodes, the creator of De Beers envisioned controlling the whole diamond market. He was able to complete his monopolistic goals by 1880. With the formation of the London Diamond Syndicated, Rhodes was able to match supply with demand. It provided him important information about the diamond market allowing him to create an artificially controlled supply of diamonds. In return, the merchants were guaranteed certain amount of diamond supply from Rhodes mines. (Johnson) The rebels have committed nefarious crimes against humanity. The RUF uses a brutal tactic as a tool to terrorize the civilian population into submission and break-apart families and communities. People are abducted, men are captured to work in the mines, boys are recruited into gangs, and women and girls act as domestic sex slave to the fighters. The war from 1991-1999 has claimed over 75,000 lives, caused   500,000 Sierra Leoneans to become refugees. (Johnson)   Nearly 80% of the Sierra Leones population of 5 million people have been displaced. ( Campbell) According to research done by â€Å"Physicians for Human Rights†, nearly every village in Sierra Leone under the rule of RUF has been profoundly impacted by the tumult. Rape of women and girls was widespread and vicious during the conflict in the 1990s, and is reportedly continuing to this day. Out of twenty women interviewed, twelve were raped. The rebels had beaten them to cause disorientation and to break their resistance. (Bell) Those lucky enough to escape from the rebels or who was release from some reason, suffer from various consequences. Sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AID are rampant in this commonality. Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and alienation from their communities, scar the lives of these victims. A high percentage of the survivors are pregnant or are single mothers of â€Å"rebel babies†, a constant reminder of their horrible suffering. (Johnson) They face bleak futures without the medical attentions and humanitarian assistance that they need. Mutilation of men, women and children is a fun game for the rebels. Teams are dedicated to capture and mutate citizens. Sierra Leone President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah in 1996 pleaded for his countrymen to â€Å"join hands† for peace. As a response the RUF dismembered their victims by cutting of their hands and dumped the parts on the steps of the presidential palace. (Campbell XV) Mà ©decins Sans Frontià ¨res (MSF) was created there, a camp for amputees and war wounded. (Meredith 116) Sankoh forcibly recruited combatants from the children who were abducted during village raids. They went through indoctrination with dugs and training to kill. In many cases they were forced to kill their own families. Girls were forced to become soldiers wives (Meredith 563) Child soldiers was a key part of the Sierra Leone conflict. Half of the RUF were 8-14 years old. (114) The Rarry Boys were thousands of unemployed youths who roamed the town of Freetown. They had a horrible lifestyle full of gambling, drugs, theft, and anger. (117) Martin Meredith a historian on the topic of blood diamonds said this famous quote, â€Å"Joining a militia group is both meal ticket and substitute education. The pay may be derisory, but weapon training pays quicker dividends than school ever did. Soon the AK47 brings food, money, a warm math, and instant adult respect.† Young men join these combat groups to substitute for their lost family and friends. Child combatants are often considered id eal recruits by armed groups because they are relatively easy to manipulate, unlikely to question the groups motives, and arouse little suspicion, according to the advocacy group Refugees International. Children because by the very nature of their immaturity are often induced to commite some of the wars greatest atrocities. (Atwood NP) Majority of the diamonds are harvested using the exploit of children and communities as labor force. The workers are subject to brutality and degrading working conditions, and quite often death. The few that mine voluntarily get a very small income, the unlivable wage is way below the extreme poverty line. Small-scale miners are estimated to produce 20-25% of the minerals worldwide. This type of mining is usually illegal considering that is under extreme dangerous and unhealthy conditions. There is no safety equipment or proper tools allowed for the workers. The miners are deprived of basic needs and there is a lack of sanitation. The mortality rate of child and young adult has vastly increased. Children are considered as cheap labor and can do dangerous tasks that adults cant do. They are often sent into small mines that are too small for adults. They are given dangerous and physically challenging jobs. Everyday they risk their lives to landslides as weak ropes only protect them. A recent study in Angola found that 46% of miners are under the age of 16 because of war and poverty. These children suffer many consequence, and work until they are replaced, often by children younger than themselves. In March 2003, UN reported that child labor in the diamond mines needed great support. (Roberts NP) With the end of civil war in Angola, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe, the nations should have continued to greater economic development. Years of peace had almost doubled the diamond production in Angola while the annual diamond financial contributions to government tripled. The communities near the mining sites in Angola struggles to survive with little government spending. A report from Partnership Africa Canada in 2007 reported that there was no public schools, water supply systems, or health clinics. Road were ruined and agriculture did not exist. In Congo, half of their foreign exchange earning are from the export of diamonds, however from the 700,00 people that mine, the majority of them are unregistered. President Siaka Stevens turned the diamond industry into his personal preserve in the 1970s. He had a whole system with Lebanese dealers and local traders. In 1994 the RUF overran bauxite and titanium mines, cutting the government from its last reliable source of income. Sankoh had control of a large part of the diamond fields. (Meredith 565) The RUF has profited about $25-125 million per year by delivering the stones into the worlds diamond market. (Campbell XXII) The mines in Africa produced about $300 million per year. But because the diamond fields were in the hand of private entrepreneurs who smuggle it out of the country, the government makes only a small income. Diamond mining has wreaked environmental havoc throughout African countries and around the world. There is a lack of control and regulations of the mining system that the environment is neglected. The landscape has completely altered because the pits dug have not been refilled once mining in that area is over. Topsoil is not preserved which is needed to re-deposite on reclaimed land so that vegetation can be planted. (The Environmental Literacy Council) The diamond mining also relates to energy uses, which emissions contribute to global climate change. With the ninety years of environmental damage in Angola, large tracts of land have been devastated. The local water is poisoned and indigenous populations are forced to relocate. Abandon mining pits are full of water that is mosquito infested. The pits are left opened and unmanaged to runoff into rivers and streams. The UN Security Council has established the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) consisting of 17,500 peacekeeping troops, notably without any U.S troop involvement. When RUF leader Sankoh was arrested, he was replaced with Issa Sesay. The RUF made efforts of demoblization in May 2001 by releasing hundreds of abducted children. However RUF broke apart and on November 2002 cease-fire was signed. UNAMSIL was deployed and in January 2002, the war was declared over. (Meredith 114)   The UN Security Council on July 2000, voted to impose a ban on diamonds from Sierra Leone, the same as that of Angola the previous year. And in 2001, diamond exports from Liberia was imposed sanction from the Council. Finally after public outcry, the Kimberley Process was created in 2003 to address the problem of the blood diamonds funding violent civil wars. The Kimberley Process is an international certification system that has established standards for countries to pledge the yield of importation and exportation of these diamonds. It included representatives of seventy-one of the worlds dominant diamond producing countries. (Roberts NP) This system tracks the route of a diamond, from the mine all the way to the retail shop; attempting to avoid the trade these tainted diamonds. With this new precaution, the quantity of blood diamonds in the market lowered to 1% in 2007. However despite the Kimberley Process, conflict areas such as Cà ´te dIvoire continue to use diamonds to fund vi olence. The Kimberley Process hasnt been successful in overseeing human rights abuses. Currently it still ignores cutting and polishing centers as an entranceway for blood diamonds to enter the general circulation of diamonds into the market. (NP) According to Global Witness a humans rights group, inadequate government regulations over factories enable illicit diamonds to slide into legitimate channels of trade. Global Witness, who had lobbied for the establishment of the Kimberley Process, admitted that the system was not sufficed.   Many others also question the effectiveness of these protocols. According to Amnesty International, â€Å"government controls in the United States and in other countries are not strong enough or enforced effectively to stop rebel groups from exploiting diamonds to fuel conflict.† (Nyathi NP) In June 2009, Namibia hosted a conference of officials of the diamond producing countries to review the Kimberly Process. In mid 2009, the Kimberley Process ordered a review mission Zimbabwe. This investigation affirmed that Zimbabwe was executing non-compliance with the Kimberley Process standards. (Dugger NP) It was recommended that Zimbabwe be suspended from the scheme to prevent Zimbabwe from legally exporting blood diamonds. Despite the fact, Zimbabwe has not been suspended from the faction and its diamonds still continue to sneak into the worlds supply of diamonds. In August 2009, the Kimberly Process conducted a mission to Angola, the latest one being in 2005. (NP) Investigators discovered many accounts of rape and brutality against miners from nearby countries.   Human right groups uncovered that many violations especially to many immigrants. (NP) These conditions demonstrate that the Kimberly Process is inadequate and isnt doing its job to prevent the abuses in the international diamond trade, as well as cooperation from the governments to stamp out diamond-related violence. In 1998 sanctions were put in place to ban the trade of Angolan diamonds. However it has since been lifted and small scale miners continue to work inhuman circumstances under the control of private security firms who are hired by large diamond trading companies. Rafael Marques, an Angolan journalist documented the cases of torture, sexual abuses, and assassinations on just one mining site in Lundas. Amnesty International reports extreme rights violations by soldiers and police in the diamond mines. The United States is currently working on the legislation for the Clean Diamond Act to eliminate the conflict diamonds from its markets. This act bans any diamonds that come from an unknown origin. However the main reason why there is still a problem is because of the structure of the diamond industry. De Beers still control majority of the market and they dont have incentive to regard this issue of these stones, because blood diamonds are such a small portion of the worldwide diamond sales. As illustrated above with the atrocities that have occurred in Sierra Leone and other African countries, it is obvious that action still needs to be immediately taken to once and for all eliminate the stones causing all these deaths and destructions.   Chairman of the Sierra Leone Panel of Experts, Martin Chungong Ayafor said, â€Å"Diamonds are forever† it is often said. But lives are not. We must spare people the ordeal of war, mutilations, and death for the sake of conflict diamonds.à ¢â‚¬  Dramatic solutions need to be made now in order to stop this worldly trend. Ways to fully stop blood diamonds in its tract is to have a well-structured certificate of origin regime to ensure that only legitimate diamonds are being traded. There needs to be additional controls by Member States and the industry to guarantee that the regime is enforced. Including with the standardization of the certificated would be monitoring of the regime and legislations against those who fail to adopt. There needs to be a combined effort from the government, inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations, arms manufacturers, diamond traders, and diamond customers. They need to demand a strict enforcement of sanctions, and to encourage real lasting peace. By no longer purchasing these gems, it would be cutting off sources of funding for the rebel groups and eventually ending the cycle and promoting lasting harmony.

Boston’s Central Artery Project Essay

Boston’s Central Artery Project undertook a massive-large scale operation to shift their highway underground. This project was named ‘The Big Dig’ due to the large scale drilling to make tunnels that could support highway like traffic and be open all year round. Due to its large scale operations, the construction required a lot of investment that could only be funded by issuing bonds. This paper describes the calculation for the bond to make it successful for the construction to be viable. Methods The case gives some important information that will help in completing this problem. The cost of the bond is given as 15 Billion while the interest rate to be charged is given as 5%. Since most bonds have a semi-annual interest payments, this bond’s value will be calculated on this value as well. What we need to find is the cost for the bond to be returned and the total interest payments over the life of the bond till its maturity. With the sum of these two figures, we will get the total cost the government has incurred on this project. After this is we just need to calculate how many cars would pass from that highway in thirty years and then we will divide the sum of the costs by the total number of cars passed in thirty years to get the exact value at which the project will break-even. Results The result from the calculations driven by dividing the total cost to be returned by the number of cars in 30 years shows that a toll price of $17. 123 should be charged to break-even the cost for the whole financing operation. Recommendations The toll price is too high if we calculate the expected life of the highway to be 30 years (same as the finance life). However, in reality the highway’s life would be much greater than 30 years. Approximately the life is expected to be 50 years at least. Considering this factor, the answer would differ and would come to be around $10. However another factor to consider would be the increase in the traffic in the future that would further reduce the price of the toll. However at the moment this price is too high and would need to be brought down to allow the motorists to travel via this route.