Bank-based Financial Intermediation for Financial Inclusion and Inclusive

AbstractionFiscal Inclusion for inclusive growing is a subject of modern-day significance and relevancy. This survey besides set uping the growing heightening function of bank-based fiscal intermediation through empirical grounds has besides found that entree to finance by the hapless is a requirement for poorness decrease in order to accomplish inclusive growing and sustainable economic development. The survey has evaluated utilizing appropriate statistical techniques the impact of fiscal inclusion attempts on the inclusive growing in the instance of a developing economic system like India by sing the most dependable informations for the period from 1975 to 2007. The theoretical and empirical analysis leads us to reason that bank led fiscal inclusion has unequivocal advantages for inclusive growing in developing economic systems. Keywords: Government Policy and Regulation, Economic Development and Fiscal Markets ; Financial Inclusion ; Institutions and Growth JEL Classification: G20 ; G21 ; G28 ; O16 ; O43 ; O53 Research Article: dated 22nd September 2010. *Dr. Vighneswara Swamy, Faculty Member, IBS-Hyderabad, INDIA, www.ibshyderabad.org Electronic mail: vighneswar @ ibsindia.org, Telephone: +91-09705096919Bank-based Financial Intermediation for Financial Inclusion and Inclusive GrowthI. IntroductionAmartya Sen ( 2000 ) argued convincingly that poorness is non simply deficient income, instead the absence of wide-ranging capablenesss, including security and ability to lend in economic and political systems. Franklin Roosevelt, the popular president of United States of America in 1932, mentioned the American hapless as the disregarded adult male at the underside of the economic pyramid. The term `bottom of the pyramid ‘ today is referred to the planetary hapless most of whom survive in the development states. These big Numberss of hapless are required to be provided with much needed fiscal aid in order to sail them out of their conditions of poorness. Joseph.E.Stilglitz opines that, if economic growing is non shared throughout society so development has failed. Consequently, there is felt a demand for policy supp ort in imparting the fiscal resources towards the economic upliftment of resource hapless in any developing economic system. This survey is an effort to grok and separate the significance of Financial Inclusion in the context of a underdeveloped state like India wherein a big population is deprived of the fiscal services which are really much necessity for overall economic growing of a state. Our apprehensions and analysis on the subject are presented here below in the undermentioned subdivisions. In Section-II, the importance of `finance ‘ for economic growing has been established with equal literature reappraisal. In subdivision III, inclusive growing and its significance for accomplishing sustainable growing is discussed. Section-IV brings to fore the fiscal inclusion and its dimensions in item. In Section-V, the importance of fiscal inclusion for accomplishing inclusive growing in India is detailed with a statistical analysis. Last, findings and decision is presented in Se ction-VI.II. FINANCE AND GROWTHThe earlier theories of development concentrated on labor, capital, establishments etc. as the factors for growing and development. The taking plants barely included finance as a factor for growing. Since so there has been ample research analysing how fiscal systems aid in developing the economic systems. A wide understanding exists among economic experts that fiscal development prompts economic growing. Financial system development so has a say to economic growing ( Rajan and Zingales ( 2003 ) . Time and once more empirical grounds has emphasized the relationship between finance and growing. Harmonizing to the plants of King and Levine ( 1993a ) and Levine and Zervos ( 1998 ) , at the cross-country degree, grounds suggests that steps of fiscal development are smartly and confidently related to economic growing. Other surveies besides set up affirmatory association between fiscal development and growing. It is so incontrovertible that considerable portion of the differences in long run economic growing across states can be elucidated by disparity in their fiscal development ( Rajan and Zingales, 1998 ) . Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Levine ( 2006 ) usage Rajan and Zingales ( 1998 ) attack, which provides auxiliary grounds that fiscal development progressively props up the growing of smaller houses which constitute mostly the precedence sector loaning in the instance of Indian Financial sector. Recent study grounds suggests that entree to finance has a direct link with that of invention. Cross-country findings grounds that finance promotes growing through addition in productiveness ( Ayyagari, M. , Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V, 2007 ) . Further, it has besides been revealed that fiscal development plays a important function in chairing the impact of external dazes on the domestic economic s ystem ( Beck, T. , Lundberg, M. and Majnoni, G, 2006 ) . Besides argument refering the function of finance in economic development, economic experts have besides debated the comparative importance of bank-based and market-based fiscal systems for a long clip ( Demirguc-Kunt and Levine, 2001 ) . Joseph Schumpeter argued that Bankss assume a important function in economic development. Harmonizing to this position, the banking sector causes transmutation in the way of economic advancement by comforting the allotment of nest eggs and of class non needfully by changing the salvaging rate. Largely, the Schumpeterian position of finance and development high spots the impact of Bankss on productiveness growing ( Schumpeter, Joseph A, 1934 ) . Banking sector can exert a positive influence on the overall economic system, and hence is of wide macroeconomic importance ( Jaffe and Levonian, 2001, Rajan and Zingales, 1998 ) . It is established that better developed Bankss and markets are closely associated with faster growing ( Christopoulos and Tsionas , 2004 ) . Improved operation of Bankss can be able to hike resource allotment and rush growing ( Levine, R. and S. Zervous 1998 ) . Correspondingly, by helping hazard direction, bettering the liquidness of assets available to rescuers, and by take downing trading costs ; Bankss can inspire investing in possible economic activities ( Greenwood and Smith 1997 ) . Banks do exert important and causal impact on productiveness and growing, which contributes to overall GDP growing. It is besides ascertained by some research workers that the size of the banking sector can be safely considered a good forecaster for future growing, particularly when concentrating on long term undertakings ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) . The research so far has non merely looked at how finance facilitates economic activity but besides societal facets like poorness, hunger etc. The consensus is that finance promotes economic growing but the magnitude of impact differs.III. INCLUSIVE GROWTHDevelopment economic experts and provinces have frequently been for a long clip interested in the relationship between fiscal development and economic growing particularly in the period which is known as the epoch of the Washington Consensus. A turning GDP is an grounds of a society acquiring its corporate act together for advancement. As its economic system grows, a society becomes more strongly organised, more compactly interwoven. Growth is good, Sustained high growing is better and Sustained high growing with inclusiveness is best of all. Inclusive growing in the economic system can merely be achieved when all the weaker subdivisions of the society including agribusiness and little graduated table industries are nurtured and brought on par with other subdivisions of the society in footings of economic development. The major development challenge is to do the growing inclusive. Policies for inclusive growing are critical constituents of bulk of authorities schemes for sustainable growing. Inclusiveness is an indispensable ingredient of any successful growing scheme ( Commission on Growth and Development, 2008 ) . Three pillars of inclusive growing are ; ( I ) Maximise economic chances ( two ) Ensure economic wellbeing and ( three ) Ensure equal chances to economic chances ( Ifzal Ali, 2007 ) . An inclusive growing scheme encompasses the cardinal elements of an effectual poorness decrease scheme and, more significantly, expands the development docket. Developing inclusive fiscal systems which are financially and socially sustainable, as a poorness decrease scheme, should be given precedence ( Amit K Bhandari, 2009 ) . Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Levine ( 2007 ) have noticed a positive consequence of finance on poorness decrease. Economies with higher degrees of fiscal development experience faster d ecrease of poorness. This has been explained by an extended organic structure of literature including White and Anderson ( 2001 ) and Bourguignon ( 2003 ) . In an frequently cited cross-country survey, Kraay ( 2004 ) proves that growing in mean incomes explains 70 per centum of the fluctuation in poorness decrease ( as measured by the head count ratio ) in the short tally, and every bit much as 97 per centum in the long tally. Lopez and Serven ( 2004 ) suggest that for a given inequality strength, the poorer the state is, the more critical is the growing constituent in explicating poorness decrease. Therefore, just growing is so an jussive mood for inclusive growing.IV. FINANCIAL INCLUSIONImportance of fiscal inclusion arises from the job of fiscal exclusion of about 3 billion people from the formal fiscal services across the universe. The reappraisal of literature apprises that the most functional definitions are context-specific and originate from country-specific jobs of fiscal e xclusion and related socio-economic conditions. Therefore, over a period, assorted definitions of fiscal inclusion/exclusion have developed. However, there is no universally accepted definition on fiscal inclusion. Financial inclusion has normally been chiseled in footings of fiscal exclusion as mensurating it is perceived to be hard. Fiscal exclusion is a complex construct and the issues needed to be pondered include ; differentiation between and entree and use, grade of exclusion and whether single or household that is excluded is. Harmonizing to World Bank ( 2005 ) fiscal exclusion includes four key countries ; Transaction banking, Savings, Credit and Insurance. Broadly, fiscal exclusion can be loosely defined as the inability to entree basic fiscal services owing to complications attach toing with entree, conditions, monetary values, selling or self-exclusion in response to unfavorable experiences or perceptual experiences of persons / entities. The subdivisions that are by and large excluded are ; fringy husbandmans, landless laborers, Unorganized sector, urban slum inhabitants, migrators, cultural minorities, adult females, eastern & A ; cardinal parts of India largely. Some of the grounds for exclusion are: Lack of consciousness, low income, societal exclusion, illiteracy. Sparse population in distant & A ; hilly countries with hapless substructure & A ; deficiency of physical entree. Easy handiness of informal recognition. Documenting processs necessitating cogent evidence of individuality and reference, high charges and punishments, generic merchandises that are presently in the market do non fulfill the demands of the subdivisions that are excluded financially. There is no individual over-riding factor that could explicate fiscal exclusion. It includes a assortment of factors stated above and likely many more. Supply side barriers pose bigger hindrances in the procedure of fiscal inclusion. Some of the important causes of relatively low enlargement of institutional recognition in the rural countries can be risk perceptual experience, high dealing costs, deficiency of substructure, and hard terrains and low denseness of population. Another noticeable factor being the perceptual experience among bankers that big figure of rural population is un-bankable as their capacity to salvage is limited, little loan demands, miniscule border in managing little minutess. Besides, non-availability of Know Your Customer ( KYC ) demands ( documental cogent evidence of individuality and reference ) can be one amongst the barriers in holding a bank history peculiarly for migrators and slum inhabitants ) . Further, unsuitableness of merchandises and services that are offered to the rural people are non tailor- made. For illustration, most of their recognition demands are in signifier of little ball amounts and Bankss are loath to give little sums of loan at frequent intervals. Consequently, they resort to borrowing money from usurers at extortionate rates. Poor market linkage or state incursion of service suppliers besides constitutes the major factors of fiscal exclusion. And besides one more unreasoned perceptual experience amo ng the bankers is that the rural countries have hapless refund record. Global literature explains fiscal exclusion besides in the context of a larger issue of societal exclusion of weaker subdivisions of the society. While Leyshon and Thrift ( 1995 ) explain fiscal exclusion as such procedures those assistance to forestall some societal groups and persons from acquiring entree to the formal fiscal system, Carbo et Al. ( 2005 ) and Conroy ( 2005 ) opine that it is a province of inability of some hapless and deprived societal groups to entree the fiscal system. Mohan ( 2006 ) grounds that fiscal exclusion implies the deficiency of entree by some sections of the society to suitable, low-cost, just and unafraid fiscal merchandises and services from mainstream suppliers. Resulting the logical thinking made above, it can be an indicant that fiscal exclusion occurs largely to people who are the deprived subdivisions of the society. On the demand side, individuals are dissuaded from accessing and utilising dealing banking services for a scope of psychological and cultural grounds. Aged people in rural countries who are portion of a ‘cash merely ‘ coevals, migrators and low income people perceive banking as merely being appropriate for people who are better off than they are and fear losing control of their money if they cease to cover merely in hard currency. One more issue of involvement is whether low degree of fiscal inclusion is associated with high income inequality ( Kempson et al. , 2004 ) . Beck et Al. ( 2007 ) have examined fiscal sector outreach and its factors by using transverse state informations. Even, in the developed economic systems excessively, surveies have revealed that the exclusion from the fiscal system occurs to low-income groups, the cultural minorities, immigrants and others ( Barr, 2004 ; Kempson and Whyley, 1998 ; Connoly and Hajaj, 2001 ) . Surveies by Leyshon and Thrift, ( 1995 ) and Kempson and Whyley ( 2001 ) highlight that the geographical factor that people populating in rural countries and in locations that are distant from fiscal Centres are more likely to be financially excluded. As such, states with low degrees of income inequality tend to hold comparatively high degree of fiscal inclusion ( Buckland et al, 2005 ; Kempson and Whyley, 1998 ) . In other words, the degrees of fiscal inclusion necessarily lift in response to both prosperity and worsening inequalities. Another factor that can be related with fiscal exclusion is employment ( Goodwin et al. , 2000 ) . Recent grounds besides suggests that the continued payment of societal security benefits and the State pension in hard currency is significantly related to fiscal exclusion ( Kempson and Whyley, 1999 ) . Informal sector histories for a significant portion of employment in several less developed states ( ILO, 2002 ) which does non ease the procedure of fiscal inclusion. Formal employment besides entails inclusion and therefore the proportion of formal sector employment would be an critical index of the grade of fiscal inclusion. In the Indian context, Committee on Financial Inclusion in India ( Rangarajan Committee, 2008 ) defines it as the procedure of guaranting entree to fiscal services and timely and equal recognition where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker subdivisions and low income groups at an low-cost cost. † The fiscal services include the full gamut – nest eggs, loans, insurance, recognition, payments etc. The fiscal system has to supply its map of reassigning resources from excess to shortage units but both shortage and excess units are those with low incomes, hapless background etc. By supplying these services, the purpose is to assist them come out of poorness. Measurement of Financial Inclusion is non universally the same. Different states adopt different indexs to mensurate fiscal inclusion. Definitional facets of fiscal inclusion / exclusion and their indexs as recommended by United Nations, World Bank, Committee on Financial Inclusion in India ( Chairman: C. Rangarajan ) , Asian Development Bank [ ADB ] and Treasury Committee, House of Commons, UK are presented in Table-1. In the developed states, the formal fiscal sector serves most of the population, whereas a big section of the society, in developing states, chiefly the low-income group, has modest entree to fiscal services, either officially or informally. Harmonizing to Peachy and Roe ( 2004 ) developed states have experienced good degrees of inclusion. However, it is reported that ( ADB, 2007 ) , in the development states, formal fiscal sectors serve comparatively a little section, frequently non over 20-30 per cent of the population. Recent information ( Table-2 ) illustrate that states with big proportion of fiscal exclusion besides show higher poorness ratios and higher degrees of inequality. Table-3 nowadayss the fiscal inclusion enterprises in different states. Further, the extent of fiscal inclusion in some choice states is illustrated in Table-4.V. FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN INDIAThe importance of this survey lies in the fact that India being a socialist, democratic democr acy, it is imperative on the policies of the authorities to guarantee just growing of all subdivisions of the economic system. With merely 34 % of population engaged in formal banking, India has, 135 million financially excluded families, the 2nd highest figure after China. Further, the existent rate of fiscal inclusion in India is besides really low and about 40 % of the bank history holders use their histories non even one time a month. It is universally opined that the resource hapless need fiscal aid at sensible costs and that excessively with uninterrupted gait. However, the economic liberalisation policies have tempted the fiscal establishments to look for more and more greener grazing lands of concern disregarding the weaker subdivisions of the society. It is indispensable for any economic system to take at inclusive growing affecting each and every citizen in the economic development patterned advance. It is in this context that a survey has to be made to understand the impo rtance of precedence sector loaning in guaranting the inclusive growing in the Indian context. Choice macro-economic and fiscal indexs of Indian economic system are presented here below in Table-5. Based on the well accepted attacks for rating of the coverage of fiscal inclusion and to measure its impact on inclusive growing the survey enterprises to analyze the followers: Spatial Distribution of Banking Services Regional Distribution of Banking Services Impact of Financial Inclusion on Inclusive Growth1. Spatial Distribution of banking ServicessIn order to analyze the spacial distribution of banking services in the state, the available informations for the periods 1991 and 2005 has been verified. Further, bank offices in the state have been classified into Rural and Urban countries. This has been considered in order to acquire a clear apprehension about how the spread of formal banking services has been affected in different parts of the state. In the instance of recognition histories, the status has deteriorated for rural families while showing considerable betterment in the urban countries ( Table-6 ) , confirming the really significant addition in retail recognition.2. Regional Distribution of Banking ServicesAn attempt has been made to analyze the extent of fiscal inclusion in different parts of the state such as Northern, North-Eastern, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern parts apart from All India degree. A purposeful analy sis is made by comparing the information for the period from 1991 to 2005. Further, this information has been farther split into rural and urban countries in the state in order to acquire an exact position about the distribution services in these countries. Further, the analysis is made in footings of population coverage per bank office, Number of Savings histories per population of one hundred and Number of Credit ( loan ) accounts per population of one 100. In footings of fiscal widening, the range for betterment remains. Table-7 illustrates the degree of fiscal inclusion in India with part wise statistics. It is discernable that Southern and Northern parts have population coverage below the national norms. All the other parts in the state have coverage good above the national norm naming for pressing betterment in the population coverage of the population. Again in footings of rural and urban countries at that place has been a distinguishable advancement in the coverage of the po pulation by the bank subdivision offices. Table-7 provides farther lucidity by supplying a break-up of the sedimentation histories. Both the sedimentation and recognition histories are lower in rural families than urban families. Hence despite the rural-push, the rural population has non come frontward and avail even basic banking services3. Impact of Financial Inclusion on Inclusive Growth – An Empirical AnalysisIn order to affect a comprehensive step of fiscal inclusion in the Indian context, we consider Priority Sector Lending as a important step of fiscal inclusion and its deepening. We are of the sentiment that, mere gap of bank history would non be a true index of fiscal inclusion, but availment of fiscal services, more significantly ; the much needed recognition for the excluded subdivisions of the society would decidedly picture the step of fiscal inclusion. Further, this step would run into the demands of the definition for measuring of Financial Inclusion provided b y United Nations, wherein it is said that the index should mensurate the â€Å" Access to recognition, insurance, nest eggs and payment services † . Priority Sector Lending as an index in our survey addresses all the above facets. In position of this an effort has been made to set up the relationship of precedence sector loaning ( as a step of fiscal inclusion ) with the indexs of inclusive growing such as rural poorness. Rural poorness is considered to portray inclusive growing as more than 70 per centum of India lives in rural countries. The needed informations for the analysis is obtained mostly from the most dependable and official beginnings such as Reserve Bank of India web site, NABARD web site, India Development Report 2008 and other related beginnings. Economic reforms in Indian economic system were initiated in the twelvemonth 1991-92. As such, to cover equal figure of old ages of precedence sector loaning and inclusive growing during pre and post-Liberalisation period, informations for the period from 1974-75 to 2007-08 has been analysed for understanding the tendencies. For the intent of analysis the most popular statistical step Multiple Regression ( OLS ) Analysis is used ( Andrea Vaona, 2005, Andrea Vaona and Roberto Patuelli, 2008 have besides used the same sort of analysis for similar surveies ) . The aim of this subdivision of the paper is to place the determiners of Inclusive Growth which can be captured in Rural Poverty ( RU_POV ) ( measured in per centum against that of the entire population in rural countries and these figures are provided by the Census of India informations ) in India and determine the impact of Priority Sector Lending ( PSL ) on rural poorness in India. Priority Sector Lending in the Indian context refers to the bank recognition under the directed loaning towards the private houses and persons which is an of import parametric quantity that determines the step of development that can significantly lend to inclusive growing ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) . Domestic Savings ( SAV ) ( measured in Rupees in Crores ) is included as a determiner in order to account for the statement that savings propels economic activity in the system at big and helps in inclusive growing procedure ( Beck, Levine and Loayza 2000 ) . Rural Employment is one of the important steps of ec onomic development and accordingly of inclusive growing. A greater degree of rural employment can be taken as grounds of greater economic development ( Cole Shawn, 2007 ) . In acknowledgment of this statement, Employment in Rural Primary sector ( EMP_RP ) ( expressed in million Numberss ) is included as one of determiners to analyze their impact on inclusive growing. Agricultural Production is another of import determiner that affects the inclusive growing procedure in rural India. As a big population of weaker subdivisions of the society still depends to a big extent on agribusiness, Agricultural Production ( AGRI_PRO ) ( expressed in Kilograms/hectare ) determines their upward motion in the income ladder ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 besides considered production as an of import variable in a similar survey ) . Consequently, agricultural production is besides considered as a determiner in the analysis. There is besides an incontestable statement that overall recognition has profound impact on inclusive growing procedure ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) . In position of this, Credit to Gross Domestic Product ( CRED_GDP ) ( measured as a ratio in per centum to GDP ) is included as a determiner. If there is an addition in Per Capita Income ( PCI ) ( measured as per capita NNP at factor cost expressed in Crores in Rupees ) there surely will be an addition in inclusive growing procedure. As such, Per Capita Income ( every bit used as a determiner in a similar analysis by Andrea Vaona and Roberto Patuelli, 2008 ) is normally recognized step of criterion of life of people and accordingly is a major factor that enhances inclusive growing and hence it is included in the analysis. 1The arrested development theoretical account can be ;Y = I ± + I?1X1 + aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ + I?nXn + A µ — — — – & gt ;2Accordingly, Rural Poverty can be better explained and estimated with the undermentioned version of equation ; RU_POV = ?’ ( PSL, SAV, EMP_RP, AGRI_PRO, CRED_GDP, PCI ) + A µ — — — & gt ; In order to command for other factors associated with economic growing non linked to fiscal development, the arrested development consequences are presented by utilizing a simple conditioning information set, including the invariable, the logarithm of all explanatory variables. Due to possible nonlinearities, the natural logarithms of the regressors are considered ( Levine, Loazya and Beck, 2000 ) . Consequently, when we log-transform this theoretical account we obtain:3Log ( RU_POV ) = I ± + log ( PSL, SAV, EMP_RP, AGRI_PRO, CRED_GDP, PCI ) + A µÃ¢â‚¬â€ — – & gt ;‘I ± ‘ represents the ‘Y intercept ‘ , I?1, aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦I’n represent the several arrested development coefficients for explanatory variables X1 aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Xn and ‘A µ ‘ represents the error term. Where, ‘Y ‘ represents the ‘RU_POV ‘ , i.e, Rural Poverty and ‘X1 ‘ , ‘X2 ‘ , aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. , ‘X14 ‘ represent the forecaster variables and ‘I?1 ‘ , ‘I?2 ‘ , aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ , ‘I?n ‘ represent the partial arrested development coefficients of ‘PSL ‘ i.e, ‘Priority Sector Lending ‘ , ‘SAV'-Savings, ‘EMP_RP'-Employment in Rural Primary sector, ‘AGRI_PRO'-Agr icultural production, ‘CRED_GDP'-Credit to Gross Domestic Product and ‘PCI'-Per Capita Income severally. ‘A µ ‘ represents the ‘error term ‘ . The consequences of analysis are presented in Table-8 for the period from the twelvemonth 1977 to 2007. Deducing from the consequences of this analysis, it can be concluded that Priority sector loaning has important impact on rural poorness. Graphic presentation of the tendency of precedence sector loaning in the pre liberalization period from 1974-75 to 1990-91 and post liberalization period from 1991-92 to 2006-07 is illustrated in Figure-1. It is clearly apparent from the figure that precedence sector loaning has taken a bit by bit upward traveling curve bespeaking a steady rise in the station liberalization epoch. Further, the Nature and strength of the impact of the assorted determiners on Inclusive growing are captured in Table-9. A graphical presentation of the tendency of the inclusive growing in India is presented in Figure-2. It is orchestrated by the rhythmic forward motion tendencies of the above discussed determiners during the survey period. Rural Poverty is on a worsening tendency more pronouncedly during the station liberalization period.VI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONThe survey has found that Priority Sector Lending has a really high important impact on inclusive growing, which is in line with the findings of Kraay ( 2004 ) and Beck, et all ( 2007 ) . Domestic Savings ( in line with the decisions of Levine, Ross ; Loayza, Norman ; and Beck, Thorsten, 1999 ) , Credit to Gross Domestic Product ( as established by Ayyagari, M. , Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V, 2007, Greenwood and Smith 1997 ) and Per Capita Income ( as stated by Levine, 1998, 1999 ) are found to hold important impact on cut downing rural poorness in India. The theoretical account developed in the survey explains the tendency of rural poorness ( Lopez and Serven, 2004 ) to the extent of 93.5 per centum affecting the of import determiners such as Priority Sector Lending ( Rajan and Zingales 1998 ) , Savings, Employment in Rural Primary sector, Agricultural Production ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) , Credit to Gross Domestic Product ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) and Per Capita Income ( Andrea Vaona and Roberto Patuelli, 2008, Srinivasan 1994, Streeten 1994 and Sugden 1993 ) . Further, it is besides demonstrated ( Figure-1 ) that fiscal sector reforms have so had a positive impact on decrease of rural poorness and hence in accomplishing inclusive growing. Fiscal Inclusion has far making effects, which can assist many people come out of low poorness conditions. Fiscal inclusion provides formal individuality, entree to payments system & A ; sedimentation insurance. There is a demand for coordinated action between the Bankss, the authorities and others to ease entree to bank histories amongst the financially excluded.

Family Relationships Essay

Whatever form they take, family relationships are a central feature of most of our lives (Wyse and Hawtin, 2000). The family is the basic social unity of a society. A family is made up of members and there exists a relationship between members of a family. A family plays a very important role in the life of an individual. It is for this reason that it becomes very important for people to enhance good relations with members of their family. Depending on the type of family, people in a family are related either by blood or marriage. One thing that cannot be disputed however is the fact that although family members are related family relations sometimes can be challenging as members of a family attempt to get along with each other. The following paper takes an in-depth look at the changing nature of family life and the roles and responsibilities of people within the family. As already mentioned although a family is made up of people who are close sometimes handling relationships in a family can be challenging. The saying that ‘it takes two to tango’ is very relevant in a family relationship. A single individual does not have control of family relationship solely. Every member of the family plays a role either in building or destroying family relationships. Many a times family members experience internal wrangles majorly caused by different interests by the members. During such times the best way forward is to attempt to understand one another and change is key to ensure that such wrangles are solved. Sometimes family members try to change others so that they can get along. But this is not always easy and when you realize that you cannot change the personality of another member of the family then it is always best to understand them. Yet another alterative would be to change and adjust yourself in a manner that will help you get along with other members of the family (Pryor, 2001). Family life is dynamic. This means that it keeps changing with time and the kind of change that takes place are dependent on the circumstances that surround an individual family member as years pass by. For instance the relationship that a person has with his or her parents while growing up is not the same as one grows older. During the adolescent stage there are many changes that take place both physical and emotional. It is during the adolescent age for instance that a person begins to appreciate more those outside the family especially those of the opposite sex. This is one factor that contributes to the dynaminism in nature of family relationships. Eventually a person finds that they are spending more time away from home than they used to. Relationships with one’s parents become more difficult as one keeps growing and becomes more independent than before. It is during this time that when a young person is asked something which they consider personal they get irritated and they feel that the parents are intruding on their privacy. The other factor that changes family relationships as children grow is that at some stage during growth especially during adolescence children discover some things that they didn’t know previously especially matters related to sexuality and they are not as comfortable to discuss with their parents as they would with their peers. So they prefer spending much of their time with their peers discussing the â€Å"new discoveries† and thus the close relationship with their parents is gradually and slowly eroded (Wyse and Hawtin, 2000). The expectations that parents have on their children as they grow up also contribute to dynamism in family relationships. Although parents will always have good will on their children they may unknowingly put undue pressure by demanding that they must behave in a certain manner or that they must conduct things in a particular manner which is opposed to what they (children) would want. A young person may more often than not tend to disagree with some of the beliefs, practices or the general way of doing things by their parents. This mainly happens due to generational gap. This usually leads to conflicts and changes the nature of the family life. For parents and children to have good and successful relationship respect is of utmost importance. As much as the children will want their parents to respect their freedom and independence they must also respect their parents’ views and opinions (Pryor, 2001). Having looked at some of the factors that bring about change or dynamism within the family life let us now shift or focus on the roes and responsibilities of family members. Although these two terns are used interchangeably in the practical sense they are actually different. The roles of a person basically emanates from the dictation of the society by virtues of the person being a man, a woman or a child (Morrow, 1998). For instance in many societies, the roles of a man include providing to the family and offering protection to his family while his responsibilities many include among others helping out on the difficult tasks around the homestead like fixing the fence or the bulb. For a family to exist in harmony and to strengthen their relationship the roles and responsibilities of each ember of the family must be well spelt out. This helps to ensure that no member of the family feels oppresses with work around the house while the rest are left with nothing to do. However one important thing to note is that the responsibilities should be not fixed in form of timetable. It is enough to notify family members their roles and responsibilities. This gives room for flexibility so that family members can also get to experience what other family members do. In any given family parents are always in charge and it is of paramount important that children understand this. However the best approach in parenting as recommended by psychiatrists is the one where parents do not act as dictators (Morrow, 1998). Decision making ought to be shared among all members of the family. Whenever all members re involved in decision making they feel that they are part of the family and it becomes easier to implement that decision. In conclusion, a family though made of people who are close can be difficult to manage. It is therefore of paramount importance that family members respect each other’s views and opinions in order to relate harmoniously. Bibliography: Morrow, V (1998). Understanding Families. Children’s Perspectives. London: NCB Wyse, D. & Hawtin, A. (2000). Children a Multi-Professional Perspective, London: Arnold. Pryor, J. & Rodgers, B. (2001). Children in Changing Families. Oxford: Blackwell.

Automated accounting presentation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Automated accounting presentation - Term Paper Example The advantages and benefits of automation are briefly covered herein. Automation, however, cannot accomplish everything. Some procedures that form part of the general system would have to remain manually done. If the option to automate systems would be taken, the exact design of the whole system and its features would have to be studied to decide whether or not existing commercially available systems offered by companies like Peachtree can simply be purchased and established for the association to use. Otherwise, a system would have to be especially built from scratch for the use of the association. The subject homeowners’ association requires well-organized systems for billing its members, collecting payments, paying its bills including taxes, and formulating quarterly financial statements. While manual systems may have worked in the past when the association had only its original 150 homeowners, this may not be true with the upcoming scenario that will bring in additional 500 homeowners from four other homeowners’ associations. With the merger currently in process, the establishment of new systems would have to be among the major issues to be settled and finalized. The billing department can function with increased efficiency and accuracy by means of automated systems that will put the data in the respective bills of members and then print them systematically. On the other hand, the collection department would benefit from automated systems for printing out official receipts and summarizing the collections of each day. System-generated reports would, in fact, be of help in reviewing the daily receipts and comparing them with the amounts deposited in the bank account of the association. Automation should not stop there. Other areas, such as payments and reporting, would be handled more efficiently and with much lesser overlooked errors if automated systems are in place to book payments, to monitor bank account

In what ways was the Ottoman Empire different to its West European Essay

In what ways was the Ottoman Empire different to its West European counterparts - Essay Example During the reign of Muhammad II that lasted between 1451 and 1481, Ottoman Empire was actively involved in absorbing other states. Within this period Ottoman Empire was able to end all the other local Turkish dynasties hence becoming the superpowers of the region. With such a heavy backing from the fact that they had no dynasties to compete with, Ottoman Empire’s expansion started under Osman I, Orkhan, Murad I, and Beyazid I, which happened at the expense of numerous other empires such as Byzantine, Serbia, and Bulgaria. Due to pressure from Ottoman, another active and strong empire, Bursa fell in 1326, which was followed by the fall of Adrianople in 1261 (Said, 1978). Amazing, besides ensuring that these two (Bursa and Adrianople) empires fell, Ottoman Empire mocked them by making them the capital of the empire in turns that is, when Bursa fell it was made the capital and later on Adrianople was made the capital of the empire after its fall (Dale, 2010). This marked the begi nning of expansion for Ottoman Empire, which continuously grew and developed through taking over other Turkish dynasties or empires. Period of Great Expansion Through Muhammad I, Ottoman Empire was united against other empires. Muhammad I strongly believed that the only way of expanding of the empire was to take over other empires that surrounded Ottoman Empire. Consequently, many empires were victims of such strategy thus marking the initial stage of the â€Å"Great Expansion† (Dale, 2010). Amongst the taking over that occurred during the period of Great Expansion include victory at Varna and the 1453 capture of Constantinople. It is amazing how Ottomans changed from nomads to being the heirs of most ancient existing empire within Europe (Palmer, 1992). The weakness and disunity of the adversaries that competed and surrounded Ottoman Empire was a great step in enhancing the empire’s success. In addition, Ottoman through Muhammad I created a well-organized military gro up, which ensured that all the captures and take over was successfully done (Dale, 2010). Their military organization was considered superior to all the other surrounding dynasties (Said, 1978). Surprisingly, such military organizations consisted of mainly Christians who were not only corps of Janissaries but also volunteers who were ready to fight for their empire (Dale, 2010). With such beautifully organized military organization, Ottoman was able to continuously expand until the 16th century where the expansion and growth of the empire reached its peak. Defeating the Hungarian in 1526 gave Ottoman Empire a boost and confidence in more capture and take-over especially the 1541 capture of Buda as well as taking in of major part of Hungary that form Ottoman’s empire. Continuous capturing and taking over of different dynasties led to the opening up of the empire’s boundaries into Persia and Arabia; a factor that enhanced the strength within the region. During the reign of Selim I, more dynasties were defeated giving opportunity and strength for the expansion and growth of Ottoman Empire. In 1535 when Sulayman I started his reign, the empire continued to capture and take over more empires in a bid to being the heir

Exercises from pan text Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exercises from pan text - Essay Example This is because the necessity of the qualitative research needs to be presented and analyzed, thus providing for more than just a basic study of the literature. At this point, I am actually thinking of using both qualitative and quantative literature reviews. I feel that a combination of the two will provide for a very successful literature review, rather than just simply covering one concept only. If my audience is my professor or my committee, typically they do not give set expectations regarding topic selection. Rather, this is the responsibility of the researcher. At this point, I do not have any questions, as I am still brainstorming and gathering my research. Since there are no ideas to analyze present in question 1, the scale is not necessary. However, to provide something to answer the question, I would ask about the best way to make a topic not too specific or not too general for this type of research discussion. I rate this as a 5, simply because it is one of the most important things to consider prior to researching—if a topic is too large or too small, the research will not go well. Professional journals have assisted me with topic ideas. They also have helped me to identify possible topics. Because I am able to see the types of research previously presented, I have been able to decide if I would want to analyze a different aspect of various studies and thus provide something new to the research community. At this point, I am interested in reviewing some of the study instruments provided in some of the other research studies in order to get ideas on how I may approach my own. So far, I think surveys are one of the best tools for gathering research, because they are quick, effective, and allow for the gathering of appropriate information. I have not brainstormed topic ideas with other students yet, but I do think that if I did, this could be quite helpful simply because my peers may provide

Back to reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Back to reality - Essay Example 2) Potential problems and issues in developing sourcing strategies The essence of outsourcing for any given organization is to lower the costs involved in executing the outsourced functions. This is because; the practice is associated with minimizing costs, based on the fact that it does not involve direct hiring of employees by an organization (CIPS, 2012 n.p.). Thus, through contracting for the provision of such services, an organization passes on the responsibility of hiring and retaining staffs to the contracted firm. This strategy has however proved to be more costly than it was anticipated. After a thorough scrutiny of the costs involved in this strategy, it was observed that, despite the fact that the federal employees are highly paid, the US government paid the contractors 1.83 times higher than its employees on average (Williams, 2012 n.p.). Thus, the strategy has proved to be a cost incurrence affair in the guise of cost minimization. This is because; outsourcing for contra ctors to offer services on behalf of an organization results to three elements of costs minimization, which may work to the disadvantage of the organization. First, to save on their costs incurrence and improve their profitability, the firms contracted by an organization embarks on the cost minimizing strategy by reducing quality or resource utilization. Therefore, they may reduce the number of staff they hire, to minimize their expenditure, which on the other hand results to poor service delivery to the organization’s customers (Brown & Wilson, 2012 p58). Secondly, a firm can minimize its costs by transfer savings, where the firm engages in hiring employees at a lower cost, through paying them less. However, the problem associated with this concept is that employee protection shields the employees against such practices, which would mean that the firm might be forced to hire employees of a lower caliber, who might not have the expertise, skills and experiences desired by the organization outsourcing the services (McGovern & Quelch, 2005 p19). Alternatively, the firm offering the outsourced services can minimize its costs through efficiency savings, which involves the use of highly qualified staffs, better work processes and equipments, and high technology usage (Compton & Jessop, 2001 p40). Nevertheless, to achieve efficiency saving, there are other costs involved before the economies of scale is attained. Therefore, in a nutshell, outsourcing of suppliers and contractors is no longer a cost saving strategy. As it turns out, outsourcing has become a costly affair for the organizations involved, prompting the need to revert into in-sourcing and back-sourcing (Emmett & Crocker, 2006 p22). 3) Potential problems and issues in relationship with key suppliers There are potential problems that can be experienced with key suppliers in the outsourcing markets. First, the issue of different expectations between the supplier and the outsourcing company can result to a failed business relationship. The expectations of the supplier and the outsourcing organization should tally, to ensure that the supplier offers services to the customers of the organization, as expected by the organiza

Positive and Negative Impacts on International Business Assignment

Positive and Negative Impacts on International Business - Assignment Example These forces include economics, religion and politics. Globalization can corrode and globalize the characteristics and individualities of a local cluster. Globalization is the scheme of interface among the economies and countries in order to develop and grow the global economy. The term globalization has been increased since the mid of 1980s. In the year 200, the IMF have identified four fundamental aspects of globalization, such as dissemination of Knowledge, Trade and Transactions, migration and movement of human beings and capital and investment movements. Moreover, several environment challenges like, cross-boundary air and water pollution, climate change, and over fishing is directly and indirectly linked with globalization. Globalization has able to influence and strengthen the power of several intuitions, such as World Bank, International Monetary fund and World Trade Organization. The global business outsourcing has significantly increased due to the globalization. Several co untries face challenges as they tend to maximize positive outcomes from globalization. They did not bother about the minimization of necessary elements. Due to globalization, the control of consumers over the suppliers from other foreign countries gets weaker. Multinational A multinational corporation is a corporation, which is registered in more than the host country. The multinational corporations both manufacture and sell products and services in various countries (Gitman and McDanniel, 2008, p.52). Moreover, the multinational corporations have business operations in more than one country. The first ever multinational corporation was the East India Company. These multinational corporations play an important role in globalization. Business practices of multinational corporations in several countries can overcome the unemployment problem of the nation. Moreover, it helps to increase the GDP growth rate of a country. Multinational corporations can have exerted controversial politica l and economic power in some countries. As a result, critics have viewed these multinational corporations distrustfully and sometimes seek to have host countries inflict restrictions on them. Accountability is also a challenge for Multinational Corporation. These organizations’ annual revenue over and over again exceeds the Gross Domestic Product of several developing countries. It will affect the financial and economic structure of a country. Glocalization Glocalization is a combination of both the terms globalization and localization. It is a business terminology for the adoption of goods and services to each culture and locality in which it used to sell. This term and process is very much similar to internationalization. This term was first introduced in late 1980 in global market. The increasing restaurant chains in global market is an example of globalization, but the change of menus in several countries in order to attract the people of particular countries is an exampl e of Glocalization (Hesselbach, J., 2011, p.2). Organizations, individuals and households are trying to maintain the social networks that used to combine the long-distance and local interactions. The declaration of particular locality, such as a state or a city or a town is used to consider as a world territory, with rights and responsibilities on a global scale. Before

A critique according to your thought and deliberation Essay

A critique according to your thought and deliberation - Essay Example There are very many components of music that have to be followed by artists to make it fit for presentation. Music is actually very important as it is mainly used to serve many purposes. There are many reasons as to why people like music and the questions comes, which kind of music and at what time. Music according to many authors, is one of the ways used in passing information to people. There are certain information that cannot be passed without attaracting attention of the audience hence music serves that duty (Mannheimer, 67). Music isa actually used in schools, health institutions and big restaurants or hotels. In schools, music has help in aiding students on understanding some of the concept of different subject matters as there are two classes of understandin g amoung students (Damschroder, 405). There are the first learners and the slow learners. For the slow learners, a concept have to be repeated more than one times to meet their understanding. There are many institutions where music is learnt being that music falls under arts. Maryland Institute College of Art, also known as the (MICA), is a college of art and design, located in Baltimore, Maryland in the United States of America. It was founded in the year 1826. During its founding, it was known as the Maryland Institute for Promotion of Mechanic Arts, which made it to become among the first and also oldest colleges of art in America. In the year 2008, the college was tied for position four in the country among fine arts master programs by the World Report and the United States News, and the Graphic Design Master of Fine Arts program took position six among the graduate schools for Graphic Design. Maryland Institute College of Art is also an AICAD (Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design member. It also became a member of the NASAD (the National Association of Schools of Art and Design), and a consortium of 36 leading schools of art in America. The college is

Grade school book report Essay Example for Free

Grade school book report Essay Tom Sawyer The young protagonist of the novel. Living with his aunt St. Petersburg, Missouri, Tom has a penchant for adventure and showing off. Constantly getting into mischief, he plays hooky from school and would rather go swimming than tend to his Sunday school lessons. Blessed with an active imagination, Tom dreams to be a noble robber such as Robin Hood or a pirate. Hungry for attention, Tom is obsessed with appearing noble and obtaining the envy of his peers. However, Tom is extremely clever and possesses an incredible insight on human nature. Throughout the novel, Tom must learn to listen to his conscience and become accountable for his actions. Huckleberry Finn The towns social pariah. Son of an abusive and drunkard father who left town, Huck has failed to have been raised with any parental guidance or authority figures. Because he can smoke a pipe and never has to attend church or school, he is the envy of every schoolboy and the nightmare of every mother in town. Huck and Tom often have adventures and both believe in various superstitions. Although disregarded by the sociables, Huck possesses a kind spirit and consideration for others. Aunt Polly Toms somewhat elderly aunt and guardian. Religious, simple-mannered, and kind-hearted, Aunt Polly is respected among the citizens of St. Petersburg. Responsible for Toms discipline and upbringing, Aunt Polly is constantly torn between expressing her exasperation and showing her lover for Tom. Every time he causes trouble, another hair on her head turns gray; she often wishes Tom would behave properly like his brother, Sid. Sid Sawyer Toms younger half-brother. Always trying to tattle on Tom, Sid keeps a close on eye his brothers wrongdoings. A goody-two-shoes, he is a punctual and studious pupil. Mary Toms older cousin who resides with Aunt Polly. Mary is depicted as a sweet and good-hearted young lady who sees the good qualities in Toms character. Religious and pious, Mary was an exceptional student  ¬ the opposite of Tom. Becky Thatcher The daughter of Judge Thatcher. Becky is Toms age and has recently moved into town. Prim and proper, Becky is the opposite of Tom: she has never been in trouble and is used to obeying her mothers words. With blonde hair and dressy frocks, she quickly wins Toms affection and attention. Injun Joe The antagonist of the novel. Guilty of several murders, Injun Joe possess a violent temperament is set on seeking revenge on those who have treated him harshly in the past. He attempts to frame Muff Potter for one of his own crimes and is pursued by the village authorities. Muff Potter The town drunk who is framed for the murder of Dr. Robinson. Although his kind nature and drunken state make him harmless, Potter is persecuted by the entire town that believes that he is a murderer. Mr. Jones/Old Welshman The old Welshman who lives with his two strong sons in the vicinity of Widow Douglass house. With Hucks help, the Welshman is able to come to the widows aide. Widow Douglas A rich, upper-class widow. With a kind spirit and a devotion to the Christian faith, the widow Douglas is known for her open hospitality and good nature. She also appears as a major character in Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Dr. Robinson The young doctor, guilty of grave robbing, whose murder instigates the chaotic happenings in St. Petersburg. Joe Harper Toms bosom friend. One of Toms gang of pirates, Joe accompanies Tom on some of his adventures. Mrs. Harper Joes mother Amy Lawrence Tom Sawyers former girlfriend, whom he occasionally flirts with and was previously engaged to. Minor Characters: Judge Thatcher Beckys father. A proud and well-respected man of justice, whose family has recently moved into town. Mrs. Thatcher Beckys mother, wife of the Judge. Alfred Temple A well-dressed boy whom Tom thinks is snobby. Alfred also vies for Becky Thatchers attention. Mr. Dobbins The schoolmaster. Hated by all the children, Mr. Dobbins is depicted as a stern and pathetic man who uses lashings as a method of discipline. Mr. Walter The Sunday School Superintendent who issues Bibles to the top students. Mr. Sprague The long-winded minister. Ben Rogers A young boy who is Toms friend. Setting The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is set in the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri, some time around the middle of the nineteenth century Biography of the Author Born on November 30, 1835, in Florida, Missouri, Samuel L. Clemens wrote under the pen name Mark Twain and went on to pen several novels, including two major classics of American literature, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. He was also a riverboat pilot, journalist, lecturer, entrepreneur and inventor. Twain died in Redding, Connecticut on April 21, 1910, having survived his children Langdon, Susan and Jean as well as his wife, Olivia. In his lifetime, he became a distinguished member of the literati, and was honored by Yale, the University of Missouri, and Oxford with literary degrees. Conflict Man vs. man Tom and Huck perceive their biggest struggle to be between themselves and Injun Joe, whose gold they want and whom they believe is out to kill them. Conflict also exists between Tom and his imaginative world and the expectations and rules of adult society. Moral of the Story Moral and Social Maturity When the novel opens, Tom is engaged in and often the organizer of childhood pranks and make-believe games. As the novel progresses, these initially consequence-free childish games take on more and more gravity. Tom leads himself, Joe Harper, Huck, and, in the cave, Becky Thatcher into increasingly dangerous situations. He also finds himself in tight spots in which he must put his concern for others above his concern for himself, such as when he takes Becky’s punishment and when he testifies at Injun Joe’s trial. As Tom begins to take initiative to help others instead of himself, he shows his increasing maturity, competence, and moral integrity. Tom’s adventures to Jackson’s Island and McDougal’s Cave take him away from society. These symbolic removals help to prepare him to return to the village with a new, more adult outlook on his relationship to the community. Though early on Tom looks up to Huck as much older and wiser, by the end of the novel, Tom’s maturity has surpassed Huck’s. Tom’s personal growth is evident in his insistence, in the face of Huck’s desire to flee all social constraints, that Huck stay with the Widow Douglas and become civilized. Point of View Third Person (Omniscient) the narrator does not participate in the action of the story as one of the characters, but lets us know exactly how the characters feel. As a narrator, Twain cannot only see what his characters are seeing and thinking, but he is able to channel their personalities.

Critical Thinking Discussion and Summary Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking Discussion and Summary Essay I dont know if there is a universal correct definition of critical thinking. I think this a very individualistic tool used by humans to break down different problems and situations and the best way to go about coming up with the best resolution in a non-biased manner. Gathering a thought process that is reasonable and with demeanor. This is simply how I would personally define critical thinking. Thinking things over more than once, second guessing yourself here and there, seeing things from multiple perspectives, and most importantly thinking if your thoughts would be different from the other side of an argument or situation. I think critical thinking is important for us to fully understand ourselves and our situations as well as others and their situations. Critical thinking is considering multiple angles and viewpoints and trying to understand them and where they come from, as well as why they exist. In my life personally, critical thinking has always been something I would like to think Ive had due to being raised in a very diverse atmosphere and a very diverse community. Ive seen racism towards more than one race, Ive seen both sides of different biases, and I have lived in a small town closed minded community as well as the middle of a large densely populated city. It makes you think differently than most around you. It seems like you feel differently than most around you. There isnt much that surprises you so there arent many situations that you are uncomfortable in. You think before you act, you think before you speak, and you take time and consideration to realize the type of environment you are in and the people you are surrounded by. Things like this dont go through every young persons mind before acting or speaking. You slow down, you react calmer, and you try not to get too high or too low. From this course I dont think Im looking for how to think critically as much as why some of us do think critically and some of us dont. I think Im looking for more reasoning for the differential than a definition of critical thinking.

Race Issues in Social Work Practice

Race Issues in Social Work Practice White Social Workers pejorative assessment of black families and the reinforcement of racist stereotypes through their intervention are central to the social working, i.e. social control, of black families and form the major avenues through which they clientise black people. (Dominelli, 1988) Introduction While keeping the above statement in mind this paper will discuss how assessment can be effective in assessing need and managing risk for all users. It will do this by looking at how problems and conflicts are addressed and in what ways this might be effective for users of mental health services. Assessment Assessment is a process that all users have to undergo in order to determine what services they might be entitled to and how their needs might best be addressed. Social workers who specialise in the area of mental health are bound by the 1995 Act which defines their responsibilities to people with mental or physical disabilities. Disability is defined as a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities (Brayne and Martin, 1999:460). The Human Rights Act of 1998 is phrased in such a manner that local authorities now have a duty to act in ways that are conversant with the Act. Social workers help people with mental health difficulties to deal with the problems that they face. It is the social worker’s duty to help organise care and support for people with physical disabilities, with learning disabilities, and with mental health problems. This duty begins with an assessment of need for services, it is only once such an assessment has taken place that social workers and local authorities will be able to decide whether they can help with that need. In the 1980s the Tory Thatcher Government brought market policies into the health service that included what is known as ‘care in the community’ this meant that large numbers of psychiatric hospitals were closed. This resulted in those who were mentally impaired, along with a small number of psychotic patients being discharged into the community. They did not receive proper treatment and a number of incidents created public unrest. Thus, whenever a social worker makes an assessment for someone with mental health difficulties they have a duty to do so with the concept of also assessing any risk that they feel users might face or that they could pose to society. Under the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act (circular LAC (92) 12 any needs assessment that a social worker undertakes needs to take into account the following: The capacity/incapacity of the person being assessed Their preferences and aspirations Their living situation Any support they might have from relatives and friends Other sources of help With regard to people with mental health problems and with other disabilities, just because local authorities have a duty to find out about such people in their area and offer help, does not depend on a client’s request for services rather it requires the social worker to carry out an assessment of anyone in that group who might be eligible for services (Brayne and Martin, 1999). Once an assessment has been carried out and the client’s needs identified then social workers have a duty to help people with mental health problems obtain the benefits that they are entitled to. The social worker also has a duty to ensure that the client is in accommodation that is suitable to their particular needs. The authority may need to provide extra support to enable a person to continue living in their own home or they may need to arrange a move to residential accommodation or long term hospital care. Thus working with this client group is a large and varied field and social workers ar e faced with a number of different duties in this respect. These duties and responsibilities are further defined under legislation and policy relating to the needs of people with mental and or physical disabilities. A social worker whose clients are in one of the aforementioned groups may find themselves visiting clients in a number of different settings. It may be the client’s home, hospital, residential accommodation, or sometimes at the social worker’s place of employment. Generally the social worker will act as part of a team dealing with a number of different cases and in each one will need to be aware of the general legislative framework as it applies to that particular client group. Social workers are required to write reports on every case that he/she is engaged with. This will then be seen by their supervisor and by the care management team. This helps in addressing client needs and determining a care package. It is also a way of determining whether the social worker has done their job in the best way possible i.e. a way that empowers the service user and gives them some say in the decision making process. This is especially relevant where mental health is concerned as the re has been some speculation as to whether social workers and other mental health professionals deal with service users in ways that are non-prejudicial. Some research tends to suggest that over the last fifteen years those who use mental health services have been treated in a prejudicial way. This is because (and Government debates are also at fault here) this group of users have tended to be defined in terms of the risk they constitute to themselves and the wider society. This is despite all the evidence supporting the view that those with mental health problems are not generally a risk to society. Langow and Lindow (2004) argue that such a concentration on risk means that an individual so defined runs the risk of having decisions concerning their lives taken out of their hands. This is certainly borne out by government policy proposals regarding people who are considered to be a risk to themselves or others. Langow and Lindow (ibid) maintain that this concentration on risk means that social workers and other mental health workers often find it hard to distinguish the reasons why someone may behave in an aggressive manner. Is it due to psychotic behaviour, or is it just that they feel disempowered or feel themselves as having been subject to racial abuse? The danger here is simply to err in favour of the psychosis rather than believing they have to take the risk that someone would not pose a threat to the rest of society. Service users are often not aware that they are being assessed in this way. The fact that staff might consider users to be a risk to others however, could have serious implications for that person’s future. Dilemmas and Conflicts It is not always easy working with people with mental health problems. A social worker may undertake an assessment and then find that the client does not want the help that is on offer. This really can be problematic as the legislation implies that local authorities must make an assessment of needs once mental health problems or disability have been identified. This further implies that they will produce a care package to address those needs. If a client refuses to allow a social worker entry then they are not able to do their job and undertake an assessment or provide services as required by the legal framework. If an assessment is made then the social worker has to try and identify areas where family and friends can help the person. When such arrangements break down and there are no alternatives in place then problems may arise. Thus a person who may previously have been assessed as being able to remain in their own home may later have a need for either supported living (particular ly in the case of people with mental health problems or learning disability) or for residential care. If a person is deemed unfit to live alone or is a problem to others then the social worker has a duty to call in the medical officer of health who then has to obtain an order from the magistrates court. Removal to residential accommodation then involves the social worker in another set of rules as to how the accommodation is financed. This is also pertinent to regular inspection of such accommodation and other welfare services that the client is entitled to. Clearly there are a growing number of legal and policy requirements that a social worker must adhere to when dealing with specific client groups. Mental health is an increasingly problematic area because new regulations are coming up all the time and the wording is not always clear or precise. This means that the social worker’s job can be a minefield as they try to adhere to the needs and wishes of the client and yet remain within the legislative framework. Factors that Promote and Limit Service User Involvement in Decision Making Current debates on the needs and rights of services users show that although there has been a move to ensure individual’s rights to equality of service, some service users still face discrimination. Under these circumstances it is vital that power imbalances between service users and professionals be acknowledged and the contributing factors addressed. Once they come to such an acknowledgement the parties can then work together to minimalise any factors that contribute to the marginalisation and exclusion of some service users (Carr, 2004). Some of these issues might include the fact that there is still a tendency for some professionals to ignore service users’ views or to at least misinterpret them. This means that instead of being enabled through greater user participation, service users may end up feeling further disempowered. Institutional barriers have to be overcome, and the continuing use of professional jargon can also serve to exclude service users from the dec ision making process. Carr (2004) found that service users often saw such gaps as a disempowering and exclusionary factor, but, once aware of this fact, most professionals were more than happy to try to modify their language in order to encourage greater service user participation. It is sometimes very difficult for people with mental health problems to communicate their needs in a way that is fully understood by the professionals trying to assess them. There is a need for different models and levels of participation depending on the service user’s circumstances. Some service users will be so empowered by participation that they will go on to be involved in how services are delivered, still others are not able to be truly involved at any recognisable level without the intervention of a third person. Thus advocacy is an important element of lower levels of service user participation. An advocate can help to empower people because service users will then have someone who is impartial, who can inform them as to what is available in terms of services and support and who will promote their best interests among other professionals and make sure that their wishes are made known. Carr (2004) notes that the service user movement has been instrumental in promoting the rights of people’s entitlement to as ordinary way of life as is possible. People with mental health problems may have multiple and complex needs, nevertheless under the 1998 Human Rights Act, they are entitled to be treated with dignity and local authorities have a duty to abide by the requirements of this Act (Moore, 2002). Conclusion Ethical and effective social work should involve a thorough assessment of the needs of users with mental health problems and a care package that takes their problems and wishes into account. This should be tailored to suit an individual’s needs and there should be room for changes and adjustments if the care package is not to become an imposition (Kerr et al, 2005). Where a person is not fully cognisant of what is happening then anti-oppressive practice should involve the use of an entirely independent advocate. Effective social work is client centred and this is achieved through the social worker’s own reflective practice. If criticisms and accusations of prejudicial attitudes are to be avoided then it might be argued that advocacy, coupled with reflexive and effective social work practice should bring an end to service user disempowerment and become one that assesses need and manages risk in a way that is beneficial for both users and professionals. Bibliography Brayne and Martin 6th ed. 1999 Law for Social Workers London, Blackstone Press Carr, S. 2004 Has Service User Participation Made a Difference to Social Care Services? London, SCIE Department of Health (2002b) Information Strategy for Older People (ISOP)  in England. London: Department of Health Dunning, A. 2005 Information, Advice and Advocacy for Older People York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation Langow and Lindow. 2004. â€Å"Mental health service users and their involvement in risk assessment and management† Findings, Joseph Rowntree Foundation Leason, K. 2005 â€Å"Fear and freedom† Community Care April 14th 2005 p. 32-34 Moore, S. 2002 3rd Edition Social Welfare Alive Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes Ruch, G. 2000 â€Å"Self and social work: Towards an integrated model of learning† Journal of Social Work Practice Volume 14, no. 2 November 1st 2000 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 http://www.drc-gb.org/thelaw/thedda.asp http://www.after16.org.uk/pages/law5.html

War in Iraq Essay -- essays research papers

War in Iraq   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Picture this, you, in a 3rd world country, no friends no family for thousands of miles, hungry, not feeling so well, tired, exhausted and being forced to fight thousands of people who want you out of there country? Fun? I wouldn’t think so†¦ This is a reality for thousands of American Soldiers stationed in Iraq and maybe your reality if the draft is reinstated. Now, picture this. You’re watching the news, they are calling out birthdays, oh they choose yours, but uh oh this is for a draft. You are now being shipped over to Iraq to fight with out choice. Easy as that. But what are you fighting for? Freedom, safety, your country? Maybe†¦ But the war is costing your home country 140 billion dollars so far and so far killed 1101 American Soldiers and we found no weapons of mass destruction or anything else that brought us to war in the 1st place. So good luck†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yes the war in Iraq is costing our country over 140 billion, so far†¦ Our state almost 5 billion dollars and our city 58.5 million dollars! This is unfair. We could have fully funded global anti-hunger efforts for 5 years, fully funded world wide AIDS programs for 14 years, built 1,300,000 homes for the homeless, put 19,000,000 kids into preschool, gave 85,000,000 kids health insurance for a whole year or even gave out 7,000,000 4-year scholarships to students at public universities! Instead we are at war. With all that money we could of made this country...

Downfall of Puritan Society :: essays research papers

Puritanism was the foundation of seventeenth century New England society. Religion played a key role in all aspects of settler’s lives and was the main factor in law-making. Puritan New England was ruled by theocracy where most of the power was held by full male church members. The settlers were expected to follow an austere Puritan lifestyle and live by its strict moral code. It was a hierarchical society wherein the most successful, well-know people received special privileges and held the most power. The Puritan society of New England was very conventional in its practices. Although women were seen as spiritual equals to men, they did not hold the power in the church. Once women were married they were expected to stay at home and care for their families. Married women were taught to obey their husbands as their husbands obeyed God. Puritans devoted every Sunday entirely to church and scorned their neighbors who did not attend services. They believed that their fate was predestined and one’s success in life is an implication of God’s feelings towards him or her. Seventeenth century New England towns were divided between residential property, which was in the center of each town, land used for farming located in the outskirts of the towns, and commons which were shared among the community. Wealthier and more socially important townspeople had the best property. Each town had a church and a school. The main source of economic wealth for the New Englanders was agriculture. If one came across success in their job, he would like upon as saved by God. The Puritans practiced theocracy. The church was extremely interconnected with political affairs.

Microeconomics: Supply and Demand

Prices of Onion (Deshi and Indian) go up due to shortage of supply 1. Introduction: Microeconomic theory is perhaps the most important course in all economics and business programs. I am just trying to discuss about the role of theory or models in com/microeconomics-chapter-4/">microeconomics, discuss the basic methodology of economics, and distinguish between positive and normative analysis. Our main target in this assignment is to write an essay about microeconomics related topic which is published by the newspapers recently.After studying the newspaper I have got a microeconomic related topic which prices go up, as a result, demand will decrease. According to my previous study knowledge, I had some ideas about production cost, import cost, transportation cost and other ssimilar cost by which we can determine the cost and profit. After taking the microeconomic course, it seems to me that the scenario is different. Here we need not only production and other ssimilar cost and profit but also supply and demand, changing situation, income and substitution effect, equilibrium price, elasticity, cost behavior, market position etc..Here my selected product is Onions (Deshi and Indian). This is because; onions are one of the most important commodities of our daily meal. Recently the prices of onions go up in the retail market not only Deshi onion but also Indian onion. Retailer said that, the prices of local onion increased by Tk. 10 a kg and was selling at Tk. 70 a kg while the just harvested onion was retailing at Tk. 45 a kg and Indian onion at Tk. 40 a kg over the last week due to supply shortage.So that, I have decided to write an essay about onion (Deshi and Indian) where Indian onion is the substitute of Deshi onions including the demand and supply of onions, equilibrium price, effect on price, substitution and income effect, production function, elasticity, cost function and market structure of onion. 2. Data Collection: After studying the newspapers, I have found a microeconomic related topic that is, â€Å"Onion, flour, vegetables, fish prices go up† which is published by Financial Express on 15th December, 2012 and ‘Prices of onions, green chili skyrocket’ which is published by New Age on 22 December, 2012.So I have taken two commodity Deshi onion and Indian onion. For getting more information I visited 2 markets which is nearest of my area due to know about the supply and current and previous price and demand for two types of onions. a) Nayabazar Market b) Babubazar Market 3. Demand: 3. 1. Law of demand: We know that, consumer purchase more products when the price is lower and they buy fewer products at higher price where other things remain the same. We also know that, there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demended according to the law of demand.

Childcare and Education Essay

E1- Summarise the factors which may influence the health and development of babies in the first year of their lives Environmental factors such as not having enough space in the garden for babies to move around to play and explore will influence their development as they maynot be able to expand their fine and gross motor skills. The environment can affect babies health and development as people around the baby who may smoke can transfer that smoke to the baby even if the smoke isnt directly infront of them. By having a ward and consistant home this can help the baby feel safe and secure therefore maintaining their health and development. Parents may not be able to afford toys and equipment for their child to play with, this may affect the child as the child may not get to experience different experiences. A stimulating environment for a baby is important as they will learn according to the opportunities they get, objects such as rattles, musical toys will encourage movement and interaction. Physical- This is important as babies development can be affected by this. The mother may not be able to take the baby for walks outside or carry the baby around or upstairs/downstairs due to disabilities that the mother or parents may have in general. Genetics is another factor which may influence health and development of the child as some illnessess are inherited. An example is Downs Syndrome, this is a genetic condition that causes physical and intellectual impariments. The mothers health plays a vital role in the development of a baby as women who are in good health during pregnancy are more likely of having a healthy baby, as the baby will be getting all the nurtition it needs to develop. If the mother is not healthy the baby will be affected by this. Emotional- After having a baby some mothers suffer or develop from post natal depression and this can affect how the mother and babys bond in the first few months. After a difficult birth post natal depression may develop, some women suffer generally from depression, if it has taken a mother a while to fall pregant and have children, and some women may develop this for some unkown reason. â€Å"During the first month, some babies may develop faster or slower than average; this is only rarely a sign of a medical condition. Preterm babies born before the 37th week of pregnancy are physically younger than their full-term peers, so they may show signs of cognitive or physical delays. However, most preterm infants â€Å"catch up† to their peers during the first or second year of life. Other factors that influence a newborn’s development include genetics, environment and the caregivers’ levels of interaction. â€Å" E2/C1- Describe how indoor and outdoor environments can be made safe, reassuring and stimulating Indoor and outdoor environments can be made safe by making sure children are looked after and cared for properly and never left alone, so there must be correct ratios in the setting, ratios are stated under Ofsted and the EYFS to make sure the children have the right amount of care attention they need. If theres not correct ratios the children can be put at risk, and this may cause accidents. By following all the correct policies and procedures and checking all eqiupment is safe for the child to use. Risk assessments must be done before the children can go into the environment and the environment must be adapted for all childrens individual needs so they are able to learn and achieve. From providing the correct equipment this will help develop the childrens individual skills. By having a safe and secure environment children will feel comfortable and safe which is important. The indoor environment should feel homely so the children will feel settled and comfortable in the environment. It is important to let children to give their input in the indoor areas, such as allowing them to do a display. The indoor area must have space and room for the children can move around safely, the cupboards,draws and tables must all be at the children’s level and not high up as this could cause an accident as something could fall down from above and hit the child. Radiator guards must be in setting to protect the children. Ensuring children have new experiences helps them develop in many ways, new experiences allows babies too use their imagination and copy what they see or experience in another situation. New experiences stimulate babies into wanting to learn and do more that challenges them to see what happens. The outdoor environment must provide children to have freedom and able to run around and have independance. The outdoor environment must suit all ranges of weather so the children can go outside in all weathers. All equiptment must be suitable and age appropriate, before children can go outside risk assessments must be done, if there is any unnessesary objects outdoors such as glass, litter or waste can be removed so it is safe for the children to play. The outdoor area should provide challenge as a risk is a challenge what a child can see, and are able to undertake it or not. Free flow must be introduced so children can move freely from outdoors to indoors easily. Learning activities must be provided outdoors also. â€Å"Daily outdoor play is an important part of children’s learning and is required by the EYFS. It offers many new learning experiences, and boosts mental and physical wellbeing and confidence. Free-flow play adds further benefits, giving children more space and freedom to explore the world around them, letting them make decisions and assess risks while reducing the feeling of being rushed from one activity to the other. Children all have different learning styles and needs; some prefer to play and learn outside, and should be offered this opportunity wherever possible. Some may not have outdoor space at home, in which case it’s even more important. † http://www. teachnursery. com/nursery-management/view/qa-free-flow-play It is important that practitoners know if children have any allergies, as children under 12 months cannot talk or communicate very well so practitioners must ask parent/carers this informaation. Having allergies on recored or on view in the setting will help anyone unfamililar coming into the setting. If practitioners do not know this information then the child/baby will be at risk. There are different things that helps reassure babies in settings which could be stability and consistancy, familar staff and practitioners, good positive relationships and things which comfort the child such as a blankets and dummies. E3- Describe the expected stage of development of babies at the chosen age and how they may be expected to develop in the next two, three months of their lives At six months babies will develop gross motor skills. When a baby is lying on their back they can roll over onto their stomach. If lyin on their stomach the child will be able to llift their head and chest, supporting themselves on their arms and hands. Babies at this age can use their shoulders to pull themselves into a sittingn position. At 6 months a baby can almost handle all their own weight. They are able to move their arms purposefully and hold them up, indicating a wish to be lifted. Babies at six months are able to kick vigersously with their legs altertaning, the baby can also lift their legs into a vertical position and grasp one or both feet with their hands. Babies at this age also have social skills as they can sime and babble when given attention and enjoy social play. Also babies will be able to mimic facial expressions and repete them. In the next couple months of the babies live their emotional skills will develop more and will be able to express pleasure and displeasure also will be able to distinguish emotions by a tone of voice. Their language will also improve as the child will be able to reconigise th ecare givers voice, and is able to respond to their name also aswell as being able to respond to other words such as ‘mummy’ ‘bye bye’. Babies will be able to thurn their head in direction when spoken to. In the next few months the baby will explore more with their hands and mouth as is able to find partially hidden objects. A baby at this age will also spend longer studying and taking more interest in toys. E4- Explain how TWO different play activities/experiences can support the overall development of the baby described in E3 Treasure baskets is a good way to get babies to explore different objects and toys. From the basket having toys which are sensory this will encourage the child to use all senses. Such as having musical things in the basket which will encourage to child to listen, having toys which are colourful, and other objects in the basket which are different shapes, sizes, different textures such as a fluffy, hard, soft etc. Introducing new things will support overall experiences and have a variety of objects in basket will give the child a range of new things they can play will and learn from, having mirrors and shinny bits on the basket will attract the baby’s attention, it can help the development of fine motor skills. The child will discover that not all things are the same. This will encourage hand and eye coordination and is allowing the baby to explore and use their own imaginaton. From using treasure baskets babies will be curious and will discover that some objects feel different, look different and may be harder to hold than others, they will be curious and may try banging the toys either on the floor, the basket on against another toy. Messy play. This stimulates the senses and babies are able to use their imagination. The experience gained during messy play helps children experience a variety of textures. During messy play, babies are developing eye hand coordination and fine motor skills and is a learning experience for the child. Children can do body paint and use their bodies to do a picture or objects can be introduced such as a sponge so the child can use different materials throught the activity. This will encourage the child to see different colours and use a variety of materials. E5- Describe the role of the practitioner in meeting the particualr needs of babies in the chosen type of setting (group care or home – based care) In group based care such as pre-school, Private day nursery or schools the practitioner had an inportant role. This is to ensure that all individual needs of children are met. This is so the children will develop and grow. Communication with parents/carers is important as it gives the practitoner a chance to understand what the child’s rountine is at home and make sure it is as stress free and possible, as using as much as the child’s routine at home as possible. This routine may include feeding and sleeping. The practitioner must be aware of the childs routine as the child will be used to certain times they have a nap and sleep, what time they have meals etc so it is important that the pracftitioner must let the child sleep and eat at what times they are used to. Routines are important for babies as it helps them know what they are doing, without routines babies can be unsettled and not sleep well. Ensuring good relationships with both parents and baby will make sure information is passed between the parents and the practitioners so that both are aware of anything that could affect the care of the child. The practitioner needs to ensure that they have an honest and professional relationship with children and parents as this is vital. Practitioners and settings also must ensure that they have stimulating activities for babies to get involved in, such as an activity which will help develop the babies senses, their sight, touch, taste, and hearing, this will help babies develop and meet important milestones. Planning is very important in settings and practitooners must be able to adapt planning when needed or if needed to suuit individual needs, babies need stimulation to keep them engaged and to ensure they develop and make progress to ensure they meet milestones in the future. The environment in the setting must be open to adaptation, indoors and outdoors. Baies must have opportunities to help their development and growth. When babies start to crawl, walk they need to have a safe environment. The safety and welfare of the children should still be the main priority of the practitioner, making sure toys are age and stage ppropriate and planning to meet the needs of all the children in the practitioners care. E6- Show how the child proctection policies and procedures in the setting protect and safeguard the babies Health and safety- This ensures all equipement and resources are safe to use and clean, sterrile for babies to use. Risk assessments must be made so all environments are safe for all children. Confidentiality – This reassures parents/carers as it ensures that all the children’s information is secure and kept away, so only people who need to access it can do. Confidentiality means that all the children’s personal information must be kept in a locked cupboard or in a computter with a password to protect all the details and information. Practitioners within the setting should have up to date training to ensure they are fully aware of confidentiality and be aware if any policies and procedures have changed. Child protection policies and procedures in the settings are there to protect all children and babies. Babies cannot protect themselves so policies and procedures are to ensure children do not come to any unnessearyy harm and are cared for correctly. All babies and children must be protected from any discrimination such as gender, disability,race etc. Children must be safe and protected so practiononers must reconise abuse if they see any signs which are neglect, physical, sexual and emotional. Practitoners must know what to do if they see any of theses signs to protect the child. Child protection policies will cover all staff and those working in at setting have CRB checks, and trainign they need. Safe guarding procedures involve making sure all children are picked up from the setting by carers and not sent home with anyone without the parent/carers permission. Sharing information and team work is important when it comes to protecting babies as communication is key. If a parent tells a practitoner that another person is coming to pick their child up this must be passed on so the staff/practioners are aware of this. From working in a team this can help protect children, different professionals have different exeperiences and knowledge with children, so working together is important. It ensures a child’s welfare through having knowledge from all different areas. An example is practitioners will know the child’s day to day behaviour is, and will know the child well, as a GP will not know the child that well but will know medical knowledge which the practitoner wouldnt know, therefore for the child’s welfare it is important for all professionals to work together. E7/D1- Explaing the importance of well planned care rountines and the key worker system Care rountines are very important for babies as by meeting babies needs carers are encouraging self-eteem and the sense of feeling valued. Care rountines are benficial as they involve identifying the needs of children so they can meet them. This can be done by observation, oberving children in groups and alsone to see how they behave. When needs of babies have been identified then you are able to move forward, planning can be done to meet these needs. If children’s needs are not met this will affect the child as the child will not be able to develop, learn and meet important milestones as they should. Care routines give babies stabiltity as having a good care routine reassures the child and gives them constiancy. By having practioners around will make the children feel more secure and safe, as the practitioner adn child will develop a relatioship and bond. This will help the baby feel settled and comfortable with a bond and may not feel safe without this bond and the babies may feel unsettled, disstressed and unhappy so a good relationship will encourage the child to develop trust and overall all will be happier and learn to develop better. Relatioships with practitoners and parents is also important as the parent knows the child best. Meal times is apart of a care routine, and the practioners must ensure children are getting the nurtition they need, and help to encourage the child to eat. Aswell as giving babies food and drink, meal times can be very enjoyable and stimualte the social and emotional development as children are able to communicate with each other during meal time and interact which is good for the babies social skills. Care routines are important for babies safety as policies will identify procedures which will ensure the children are safe and exaple is safety gates, gates must be kept shut at all times so the children cannot get out. Good hygiene is also beneficial to a good care routine as this will prevent babies and practitioners from becoming ill and prevents the spread of infection. Hygiene is a big part of a care routine for babies so practitoners must was hands after using the toilet, deadling with bodily fluids, before preparing foods and bottles. From having similar care routines at home and in settings is important as this will give children security and will understand whats happening around them and be more comfortable and confident. In every early years setting children have a key worker. Key Workers are resbonsible for their child and form good realtionships. Key worker will observe their child regualy and keep a record of how the child is developing. Planning is the key workers job and must plan to what the child’s needs are. Key workers are close to their group of children and respoonsible for them, therefore will know their child more than other practitioners in the setting so key workers role is also to communicate with other professionals. â€Å"The key person plays an essential role in supporting the emotional well-being of the children in their care. In doing so they take responsibility for those aspects of the child’s day which have the greatest impact on their well-being. These include personal care routines – nappy changing, toileting, rest times and meal times. â€Å"